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Melamine ji niyenii mli mujiwoo ko ni ayɔse ni baanyɛ ahi niyenii komɛi amli yɛ oshara mli kɛ yiŋtoo fɛɛ mli. Oti ni ma nikasemɔ nɛɛ hiɛ ji ni ekwɛ bɔ ni anaa melamine yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki powda mli lɛ mli, ni ebɔ he. Akwɛ niyenii ni akɛheɔ yɛ jarayelihei 40 mli, ni abifao niyenii kɛ mliki powda fata he, ni jɛ Iran hei srɔtoi lɛ amli. Akɛ nu mli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (HPLC-UV) gbɛjianɔtoo ko tsu nii kɛna bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli lɛ fa ha. Afee ŋwɛi ŋta (R2 = 0.9925) kɛha melamine ni yɔɔ 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 teŋ lɛ namɔ. Husui ni yɔɔ yibɔ kɛ nibii ni ana lɛ ahe ji 1 μg mL−1 kɛ 3 μg mL−1, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Akɛ melamine ka gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki ŋmɔtɔ mli ni nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki ŋmɔtɔ mli lɛ ji 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 kɛ 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Nɛkɛ shishitoo mlai nɛɛ kɛ EU mlai kɛ Codex Alimentarius lɛ kpãa gbee. Ehe miihia ni wɔkadi akɛ nɛkɛ mliki nibii ni melamine ni yɔɔ mli lɛ eba shi nɛɛ ni ayeɔ lɛ kɛ oshara ko ni yɔɔ hiɛdɔɔ baaa mɛi ni yeɔ lɛ ahewalɛ nɔ. Nɔ ni jɛ osharai ahe niiamlipɛimɔ lɛ mli ba lɛ hu fiɔ enɛ sɛɛ.
Melamine ji nɔ ko ni wala yɔɔ mli ni yɔɔ molekula fɔmula C3H6N6, ni anáa kɛjɛɔ cyanamide mli. Eyɛ nu mli ŋmɔlɔ ni baa shi waa ni eyɛ aaafee 66% nitrogen. Melamine ji nitsumɔhei ni akɛtsuɔ nii babaoo ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ gbɛ ni sa nɔ yɛ plastic, ŋmɔshi nibii, kɛ niyenii afeemɔ nibii (ni niyenii ni akɛwoɔ kotoku mli kɛ shĩa mli nibii fata he)1,2. Akɛ melamine hu tsuɔ nii akɛ tsofa ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli kɛtsaa helai. Nitrogen ni fa babaoo yɛ melamine mli lɛ baanyɛ aha akɛ tsofa nɛɛ atsu nii yɛ gbɛ fɔŋ nɔ ni ekɛ protein molecules lɛ ahe nibii aha niyenii mli nibii3,4. No hewɔ lɛ, kɛ́ akɛ melamine fata niyenii ni akɛ mlikii fee lɛ ahe lɛ, ehaa nitrogen ni yɔɔ mli lɛ yaa hiɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, amu sane naa yɛ tɔmɔ mli akɛ protein ni yɔɔ mliki mli lɛ fa fe bɔ ni eji diɛŋtsɛ.
Kɛji akɛ akɛ melamine gram fɛɛ gram fata he lɛ, protein ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ baaya hiɛ 0.4%. Shi kɛlɛ, melamine lɛ shwieɔ nu mli waa, ni ebaanyɛ ekɛ naagbai ni mli wa fe tsutsu lɛ aba. Kɛ akɛ melamine gram 1.3 fata nibii ni ji nu tamɔ mliki he lɛ, ebaanyɛ eha mliki mli protein lɛ aya hiɛ 30%5,6. Eyɛ mli akɛ akɛ melamine fataa kooloi kɛ gbɔmɛi aniyenii po ahe koni ekɛha protein ni yɔɔ mli lɛ aya hiɛ7 moŋ, shi Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) kɛ maŋ nɔyelɔi lɛ ekpɛlɛko melamine nɔ akɛ nɔ ko ni akɛfataa niyenii he, ni amɛtsɔɔ akɛ eji nɔ ni yɔɔ oshara kɛji akɛ ami, amu, loo atsɔ hewolo nɔ aŋɔ. Yɛ afi 2012 lɛ, Jeŋ Hewalɛ He Gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ (WHO) Majimaji Ateŋ Nitsumɔhe ni Kwɛɔ Kansa He Nibii Amli lɛ ŋma melamine akɛ Class 2B carcinogen ejaakɛ ebaanyɛ eye gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ awui8. Melamine ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli be kakadaŋŋ lɛ baanyɛ ekɛ kansa loo tsitsi ni fiteɔ nii aba2. Melamine ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ baanyɛ ekɛ cyanuric acid lɛ afee ekome ni efee kristalo ŋmɔŋ ni nu nyɛɛɛ atsɔ mli ni baanyɛ afite tsitsi kɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli fãji, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu fɔmɔ kotoku mli kansa kɛ shwiili mli shwiili ni baa shi9,10. Ebaanyɛ ekɛ niyenii ni mli ewo muji ni mli wa aba, ni kɛji akɛ eyɛ babaoo lɛ, ebaanyɛ ekɛ gbele aba, titri lɛ yɛ gbekɛbii bibii kɛ gbekɛbii bibii amli.11 Jeŋ Hewalɛ He Gbɛjianɔtoo (WHO) lɛ hu eto melamine ni adesai baanyɛ aye daa gbi (TDI) lɛ he gbɛjianɔ akɛ 0.2 mg/kg gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli tsiimɔ daa gbi) ni damɔ CAC gbɛtsɔɔmɔi kɛ US Foxiod ( US Foxiod ) nɔ. 2,7 Yɛ September afi 2008 lɛ, abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, mɛi ni feɔ gbekɛbii niyenii yɛ shia lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo kɛ melamine efata mliki powda he koni ekɛha amɛnibii lɛ amli protein lɛ aya hiɛ, ni no ha mliki powder lɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe lɛ tee hiɛ. hela mɔ gbekɛbii ni fa fe 294,000 ni ekɛ mɛi ni fa fe 50,000 tee helatsamɔhei. 13
Jeee be fɛɛ be anyɛɔ ahaa gbekɛbii nu yɛ nibii srɔtoi tamɔ maŋ shihilɛ mli naagbai, nyɛ loo gbekɛ lɛ hela, ni no haa akɛ abifao niyenii tsuɔ nii kɛhaa abifabii niyenii lɛ hewɔ. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji akɛ, ato nitsumɔhei ni baafee abifao mli nu ni bɛŋkɛ nu mli nu lɛ he bɔ ni aaanyɛ yɛ mli14. Bei pii lɛ, akɛ tsina mliki feɔ abifao niyenii ni ahɔ̃ɔ yɛ jara nɔ ni bei pii lɛ akɛ fɔ, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni akɛfutuɔ mli lɛ feɔ. Bɔni afee ni ebɛŋkɛ nu mli nu lɛ, protein kɛ fat ni yɔɔ fɔmla lɛ mli lɛ yɛ srɔtoi, ni yɛ nu mli nu lɛ henɔ naa lɛ, akɛ nibii tamɔ vitamini kɛ mineral tamɔ iron woɔ mli hewalɛ15. Akɛni gbekɛbii bibii ji kuu ko ni nuɔ he waa, ni oshara ko yɛ akɛ amɛbaanyɛ amɛye tsɛŋemɔ hela hewɔ lɛ, shweshweeshwe ni yɔɔ mliki powda ni ayeɔ lɛ he lɛ he hiaa waa kɛha gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ. Yɛ melamine tsofa ni gbeɔ mɔ ni yɔɔ Chinese abifabii ateŋ lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, maji ni yɔɔ je lɛŋ fɛɛ lɛ kɛ amɛjwɛŋmɔ ema sane nɛɛ nɔ waa, ni nɛkɛ he nɛɛ hu henumɔ ni mli wa lɛ etee hiɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, ehe miihia waa titri akɛ aaawo abifabii anifeemɔ mli hewalɛwoo mli hewalɛ bɔni afee ni abu abifabii ahewalɛ he. Gbɛi srɔtoi yɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine yɛ niyenii mli, ni nɔ ni fata he ji nu mli nibii ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ (HPLC), tsɔne ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii amli, nibii ni haa mɔ nuɔ he, nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he waaa lɛ. Yɛ afi 2007 lɛ, US Niyenii kɛ Tsofai Ahe Nitsumɔhe (FDA) lɛ fee HPLC gbɛ ko ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine kɛ cyanuric acid ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ ni amɛkala, ni no ji gbɛ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine ni yɔɔ mli lɛ17.
Melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii mli ni akɛ infrared spectroscopy ŋaa hee ko tsu nii kɛsusu lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ miligram 0.33 kɛyashiɔ 0.96 yɛ kilogram kome mli (mg kg-1). 18 Nikasemɔ ko ni afee yɛ Sri Lanka lɛ na akɛ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki mli lɛ falɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.39 kɛyashiɔ 0.84 mg kg-1. Kɛfata he lɛ, gbekɛbii niyenii ni akɛba maŋsɛɛ lɛ mli nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli melamine ni fa fe fɛɛ, ni ji 0.96 kɛ 0.94 mg/kg, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Nɛkɛ ŋwɛibɔfoi nɛɛ baa shi yɛ husu ni ato he gbɛjianɔ lɛ shishi (1 mg/kg), shi gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni akɛkwɛɔ nɔ lɛ he miihia koni mɛi ni yeɔ nii lɛ ahi shi shweshweeshwe. 19
Nikasemɔi babaoo epɛi bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ Iran abifao niyenii mli lɛ fa ha lɛ mli. Aaafee 65% yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli lɛ, melamine yɔɔ mli, ni kɛ aja mli lɛ, 0.73 mg/kg kɛ 3.63 mg/kg ni fa fe fɛɛ. Nikasemɔ kroko hu tsɔɔ akɛ, bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii mli lɛ falɛ ji kɛjɛ 0.35 kɛyashi 3.40 μg/kg, ni kɛ aja mli lɛ, eji 1.38 μg/kg. Yɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, akwɛ bɔ ni melamine yɔɔ Iran abifabii niyenii amli lɛ mli kɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ ha lɛ mli yɛ nikasemɔi srɔtoi amli, ni nɔkwɛmɔnii komɛi ni melamine yɔɔ mli lɛ fe husu ni fe fɛɛ ni mlai ahe gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ eto (2.5 mg/kg/feed).
Kɛji akɛ asusu bɔ ni akɛ mliki powda tsuɔ nii tɛ̃ɛ kɛ nɔ ni bɛ tɛ̃ɛ babaoo yɛ niyenii nitsumɔhe lɛ kɛ bɔ ni abifao niyenii he hiaa ha yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii hamɔ mli lɛ he lɛ, nikasemɔ nɛɛ yiŋtoo ji ni ema gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine yɛ mliki powda kɛ abifao niyenii mli lɛ nɔ mi. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, yiŋtoo klɛŋklɛŋ ni yɔɔ nikasemɔ nɛɛ sɛɛ ji ni afee gbɛ ni yɔɔ oya, ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni ja ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa bɔ ni melamine efutuɔ gbekɛbii anibii amli kɛ mliki powda mli kɛtsɔ nu ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni ji chromatography (HPLC) kɛ ultraviolet (UV) nibii ni anaa lɛ nɔ; Nɔ ni ji enyɔ lɛ, oti ni ma nikasemɔ nɛɛ hiɛ ji ni ana bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii ni akɛhaa amɛ kɛ mliki powda ni ahɔ̃ɔ yɛ Iran jarayelihe lɛ mli lɛ fa ha.
Nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛpɛiɔ melamine mli lɛ yɛ srɔtoi yɛ he ni afeɔ niyenii lɛ yɛ lɛ naa. Akɛ HPLC-UV mlipɛimɔ gbɛ ko ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ tsu nii ni akɛsusu melamine ni eshwɛ yɛ mliki kɛ abifao niyenii mli lɛ he. Protein kɛ fɔ srɔtoi ni baanyɛ atsĩ melamine susumɔ naa lɛ yɛ niyenii ni akɛ mlikii fee lɛ mli. No hewɔ lɛ, taakɛ Sun kɛ ekrokomɛi kadi lɛ. 22 lɛ, hetsemɔ gbɛ ni sa ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ he miihia dani akɛ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ atsu nii kɛpɛi mli. Yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, wɔkɛ tsɔne ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli ni akɛtsuɔ nii shikome pɛ tsu nii. Yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, wɔkɛ C18 kolum tsu nii ni wɔkɛgbala melamine ni yɔɔ abifao niyenii kɛ mliki powda mli lɛ mli. Mfoniri 1 lɛ tsɔɔ kromatogram ni akɛtaoɔ melamine lɛ. Kɛfata he lɛ, nɔkwɛmɔnii ni yɔɔ 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine lɛ ahe nibii ni anáa lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 95% kɛyashiɔ 109%, sɛɛkuu lɛ ji y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), kɛ sɛɛkuu ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ (RSD) lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 2%.0. Nibii ni yɔɔ lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ nii lɛ nɔ yɛ jwɛŋmɔ ni akaseɔ lɛ mli (Table 1). Nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii ni akɛtaoɔ nii amli lɛ husu (LOD) kɛ husu ni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine lɛ fa ha (LOQ) ji 1 μg mL−1 kɛ 3 μg mL−1, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Kɛfata he lɛ, UV spectrum ni ji melamine lɛ jieɔ 242 nm ni ŋmɛɔ nii lɛ kpo. Gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa lɛ he hiaa waa, anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ, ni eja. Abaanyɛ akɛ gbɛ nɛɛ atsu nii kɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine lɛ falɛ ji daa.
Niŋmalɔi babaoo ekala nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ. Afee gbɛ ko ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni akɛkwɛɔ nu mli nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ amli lɛ koni akɛpɛi melamine ni yɔɔ nibii ni akɛ mlikii fee lɛ amli lɛ mli. Husui ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ ni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni abuɔ nii ahaa lɛ ji 340 μg kg−1 kɛha mliki powda kɛ 280 μg kg−1 kɛha abifao niyenii yɛ 240 nm. Filazzi kɛ ekrokomɛi. (2012) bɔ amaniɛ akɛ, anaaa melamine yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii mli kɛtsɔ HPLC nɔ. Shi, 8% yɛ mliki powda lɛ mli nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli lɛ, melamine ni ji 0.505–0.86 mg/kg yɛ mli. Tittlemiet kɛ ekrokomɛi 23 fee nikasemɔ ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ ni amɛna melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii mli lɛ (nɔkwɛmɔnɔ yibɔ: 72) kɛtsɔ nu ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii amli lɛ nɔ (HPLC-MS/MS) akɛ aaafee 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. Yɛ nikasemɔ ko ni Venkatasamy kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ mli lɛ. (2010), akɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛ ko ni ji ŋmɔshi nibii (ni acetonitrile bɛ mli) kɛ sɛɛkuu-kɛ-fã ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni ji nu mli nibii ni akwɛɔ mli (RP-HPLC) tsu nii koni akɛbu melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki mli lɛ he akɔntaa. 1.0 kɛyashi 80 g/mL ni hetoo lɛ ji linear (r > 0.999). Gbɛ lɛ tsɔɔ 97.2–101.2 ni anáa kɛjɛɔ 5–40 g/mL mli lɛ mli ni sɛɛkuu lɛ faaa fe 1.0% ni ji shishitoo mla ni tsɔɔ sɛɛkuu lɛ. Agbɛnɛ hu, LOD kɛ LOQ ni ana lɛ ji 0.1 g mL−1 kɛ 0.2 g mL−124, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Lutter kɛ ekrokomɛi. (2011) tsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ tsina mliki kɛ gbekɛbii ni akɛ mliki fee lɛ mli lɛ yɔɔ ha kɛtsɔ HPLC-UV nɔ. Melamine mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ < 0.2 kɛyashi 2.52 mg kg−1. HPLC-UV gbɛ lɛ nɔ hewalɛ ni yɔɔ mli lɛ ji 0.05 kɛyashi 2.5 mg kg−1 kɛha tsina mliki, 0.13 kɛyashi 6.25 mg kg−1 kɛha abifao niyenii ni protein falɛ mlijaa <15% yɔɔ mli, kɛ 0.25 kɛyashi 12.5 mg kg−1 kɛha abifao niyenii mlijaa 5%. LOD (kɛ LOQ) hetoi lɛ ji 0.03 mg kg-1 (0.09 mg kg-1) kɛha tsina mliki, 0.06 mg kg-1 (0.18 mg kg-1) kɛha abifao niyenii <15% niyenii mli hewalɛ, kɛ 0.12 mg kg-1 (0.36 mg kg-t okadi kɛ niyenii mli niyenii ni yɔɔ mli) 3 kɛ 1025 kɛha LOD kɛ LOQ, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Diebes kɛ ekrokomɛi. (2012) kɛ HPLC/DMD tsu nii kɛtao melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki powda mli lɛ mli. Yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii mli lɛ, nɔ ni baa shi fe fɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni nɔ kwɔ fe fɛɛ ji 9.49 mg kg−1 kɛ 258 mg kg−1, yɛ amɛteŋ. Husu ni ana (LOD) ji 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid kɛ ekrokomɛi. abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, melamine ni eshwɛ yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii amli lɛ yɛ 0.002–2 mg kg−1 kɛtsɔ Fourier tsakemɔ infrared ŋwɛi ŋtayaa (FT-MIR) nɔ (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai kɛ ekrokomɛi 27 wo HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ asusuɔ melamine he lɛ he ŋaa ni amɛná LOQ ni ji 0.08 μg mL−1 kɛha mliki powda, ni baa shi fe nɔ ni ana yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ. Sun kɛ ekrokomɛi. lɛ fee RP-HPLC-DAD ko ni akɛtaoɔ melamine ni yɔɔ nu mli mliki mli kɛtsɔ fã ni mli wa ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli (SPE) lɛ nɔ. Amɛná LOD kɛ LOQ ni ji 18 kɛ 60 μg kg−128, ni ji nɔ ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli fe nikasemɔ ni yaa nɔ bianɛ lɛ. Montesano kɛ ekrokomɛi. tsɔɔ bɔ ni HPLC-DMD gbɛ lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa kɛkwɛɔ melamine ni yɔɔ protein mli lɛ mli kɛ husu ni ji 0.05–3 mg/kg, ni ji nɔ ni bɛ sɛɛnamɔ fe gbɛ ni akɛtsu nii yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ29.
Ŋwanejee ko bɛ he akɛ, laboratorii ni akɛpɛiɔ nibii amli lɛ tsuɔ gbɛfaŋnɔ ko ni he hiaa waa he nii yɛ shihilɛ he buamɔ mli kɛtsɔ nibii ni fiteɔ nibii ni yɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii srɔtoi amli lɛ akwɛmɔ nɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ mli lɛ babaoo ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ be mli ni akwɛɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ aha nibii ni yɔɔ oshara ni eshwɛ lɛ aba. No hewɔ lɛ, afee green analytical chemistry (GAC) yɛ afi 2000 koni akɛba nibii gbohii ni jɛɔ nibii amlipɛimɔ gbɛjianɔtoi amli kɛbaa mɛi ni tsuɔ nii yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ kɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ shi loo ejie kɛjɛ mli26. Akɛ blema gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine ni fata he lɛ etsu nii ni akɛyoo melamine. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ gbɛi babaoo ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa nii lɛ ateŋ lɛ, electrochemical sensors lɛ egbala mɛi ajwɛŋmɔ babaoo yɛ amɛhenumɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ, amɛhalamɔ, oyaiyeli mlipɛimɔ be, kɛ sui ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ hewɔ30,31. Green nanotechnology kɛ wala yibii ahe gbɛi tsuɔ nii kɛfeɔ nanomaterials, ni baanyɛ aba jwɛi ni yɔɔ oshara kɛ hewalɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ shi, ni no haa nifeemɔi ni yaa nɔ daa lɛ yaa hiɛ. Nanocomposites, nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, ni akɛ nibii ni kɛ shihilɛ kpãaa gbee fee lɛ, abaanyɛ akɛtsu nii yɛ nibii ni nuɔ nii ahe lɛ amli koni ana nibii tamɔ melamine32,33,34.
Nikasemɔ lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ akɛ solid-phase microextraction (SPME) tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ hewalɛ ni eyɔɔ ni ehiɔ shi daa lɛ hewɔ kɛ akɛto blema gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ nibii kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ ahe. Shihilɛ mli naanyobɔɔ kɛ hewalɛ nitsumɔ ni SPME yɔɔ lɛ haa efeɔ gbɛ kroko ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛha blema gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ nibii kɛjɛɔ mli yɛ tsofafeemɔ mlipɛimɔ mli ni ehaa gbɛ ni yaa nɔ ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ kɛha nɔkwɛmɔnɔ he saamɔ35.
Yɛ afi 2013 lɛ, Wu kɛ ekrokomɛi. lɛ fee nɔ ko ni haa mɔ nuɔ he waa ni ehalaa nɔ ko ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi (mini-SPR) ni kɛ tsakpaa ni yɔɔ melamine kɛ anti-melamine teŋ lɛ tsuɔ nii koni ekɛ immunoassay atsu nii kɛna melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii amli lɛ oya. SPR biosensor ni akɛ immunoassay fata he (ni akɛ tsina lá mli tsofa ni ji melamine tsuɔ nii) lɛ ji ŋaa ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni akɛtsuɔ nii ni jara waaa ni nɔ ni anaa lɛ husu ji 0.02 μg mL-136 pɛ.
Nasiri kɛ Abbasian kɛ nɔ ko ni yɔɔ hewalɛ waa ni akɛyaa he fɛɛ he ni akɛ graphene oxide-chitosan nibii (GOCS) fata he lɛ tsu nii koni amɛkɛna melamine yɛ jarayeli nɔkwɛmɔnii amli37. Gbɛ nɛɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni ahalaa nii jogbaŋŋ, bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa, kɛ bɔ ni ahaa hetoo ahaa. GOCS tsɔne lɛ jie henumɔ ni sa kadimɔ waa kpo (239.1 μM−1), linear ni ji 0.01 kɛyashi 200 μM, affinity ni tsakeee ni ji 1.73 × 104, kɛ LOD ni shɛɔ 10 nM. Agbɛnɛ hu, nikasemɔ ko ni Chandrasekhar kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ. yɛ afi 2024 lɛ, eŋɔ gbɛ ni haaa shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ nibii afite ni ekɛ shika tsuuu nii. Akɛ papaya yibii ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ tsu nii akɛ nɔ ni baa shi koni amɛkɛfee zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) yɛ gbɛ ni haaa shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ nibii ahi shi jogbaŋŋ nɔ. No sɛɛ lɛ, afee gbɛ krɛdɛɛ ko ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii ni atsɛɔ lɛ micro-Raman spectroscopy lɛ koni akɛna melamine ni yɔɔ abifao niyenii mli lɛ. ZnO-NPs ni anáa kɛjɛɔ okwaayeli mli jwɛi mli lɛ ejie nyɛmɔ ni eyɔɔ akɛ helatsamɔ he dɛŋdade ni he hiaa kɛ ŋaa ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ, ni jara waaa kɛha melamine38 nɔkwɛmɔ kɛ enamɔ kpo.
Alizadeh kɛ ekrokomɛi. (2024) kɛ dade-nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli waa (MOF) ni haa hulu kpɛɔ lɛ tsu nii koni ekɛna melamine ni yɔɔ mliki powder mli lɛ. Nibii ni yɔɔ linear range kɛ shishigbɛ nibii ni ana lɛ ahe husu, ni akɛ 3σ/S tsuɔ nii kɛtsɔɔ lɛ, ji 40 kɛyashi 396.45 nM (ni kɛ 25 μg kg−1 kɛyashi 0.25 mg kg−1 yeɔ egbɔ) kɛ 40 nM (ni kɛ 25 μg kg−1 yeɔ egbɔ), yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Nɛkɛ srɔtofeemɔ nɛɛ baa shi kwraa fe nɔ ni eshwɛ ni fa fe fɛɛ (MRLs) ni ato kɛha melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii mli (1 mg kg−1) kɛ niyenii krokomɛi/niyenii nɔkwɛmɔnii (2.5 mg kg−1) lɛ shishi. Nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) lɛ jie nɔ ni ja jogbaŋŋ kɛ susumɔ ni ja fe HPLC39 lɛ kpo yɛ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki powda mli lɛ namɔ mli. Biosensors kɛ nanocomposites ni yɔɔ green chemistry mli lɛ haaa nibii ni ana lɛ aya hiɛ kɛkɛ shi moŋ ehaa osharai ni yɔɔ shihilɛ mli lɛ hu baa shi yɛ shweremɔ shishitoo mlai ni yaa nɔ daa lɛ anaa.
Akɛ Green chemistry shishitoo mlai etsu nii yɛ gbɛi srɔtoi ni atsɔɔ nɔ aleɔ melamine lɛ mli. Gbɛ kome ji gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ ŋmɔ mli ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni akɛ adebɔɔ mli polar polymer β-cyclodextrin ni akɛ citric acid ebɔ he lɛ tsuɔ nii koni akɛjie melamine 40 kɛjɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii tamɔ abifao niyenii kɛ nu ni mli edɔ lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ. Gbɛ kroko hu ji Mannich nifeemɔ lɛ kɛtsɔɔ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki mli lɛ mli. Agbɛnɛ hu, gbɛ ni jara waaa ni ekɛ shihilɛ kpãaa gbee ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ Fofra transformer mliki ni atsake mli lɛ mli lɛ falɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ ji gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akwɛɔ bɔ ni melamine ni atsake lɛ mli nu mli lɛ ji. ppm kɛ 3.5 ppm, nɛkɛ gbɛi nɛɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni akɛ green chemistry shishitoo mlai tsuɔ nii ahaa koni akɛfee gbɛi ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni sɛɛ tsɛɔ ni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ.
Nikasemɔi babaoo etsɔɔ gbɛi heei ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine, tamɔ nibii ni mli wa ni ajieɔ kɛ nu ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ (HPLC)43, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu nu ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ oya (HPLC), ni biɔ ni afee nɔ ko ni wa dani atsu he nii loo ion-pair reducing waste amo4. Jeee akɛ gbɛi nɛɛ haaa yibii ni ja kɛha melamine ni yɔɔ niyenii ni akɛ mliki fee lɛ mli lɛ pɛ, shi moŋ ekɛ shishitoo mlai ni kɔɔ tsofafeemɔ he lɛ hu kpãa gbee, ni ehaa tsofai ni yɔɔ oshara ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ baa shi, ni ehaa shihilɛ mli nibii ni akwɛɔ mli lɛ fɛɛ baa shi.
Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii nyɔŋmai ejwɛ ni ji henɔi srɔtoi lɛ ka shii etɛ, ni ajie nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ kpo yɛ Table 2. Melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki powder nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.001 kɛyashiɔ 0.004 mg/kg kɛjɛɔ 0.001 kɛyashiɔ 0.095 mg/kg, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Anaaa tsakemɔ ko ni sa kadimɔ yɛ afii etɛ ni akɛhaa gbekɛbii niyenii lɛ ateŋ. Kɛfata he lɛ, ana melamine yɛ mliki powda mli 80% mli, shi gbekɛbii niyenii ni akɛhaa gbekɛbii lɛ mli 65% lɛ mli eyi kɛ melamine.
Nibii ni yɔɔ melamine ni yɔɔ nitsumɔhei amli mliki powder mli lɛ fa fe nɔ ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii amli lɛ, ni srɔtofeemɔ lɛ ji nɔ ni sa kadimɔ waa (p<0.05) (Mfoniri 2).
Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ni ana lɛ yɛ husu ni FDA lɛ eto lɛ shishi (eshɛɛɛ 1 kɛ 2.5 mg/kg). Kɛfata he lɛ, nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ kɛ husui ni CAC (2010) kɛ EU45,46 lɛ eto lɛ kpãa gbee, ni ji husu ni fe fɛɛ ni aŋmɛ gbɛ ji 1 mg kg-1 kɛha gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ 2.5 mg kg-1 kɛha nibii ni akɛ mlikii fee.
Taakɛ 2023 nikasemɔ ko ni Ghanati kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, melamine ni yɔɔ mliki ni akɛwoɔ kotoku mli yɛ Iran lɛ mli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 50.7 kɛyashi 790 μg kg−1. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ shɛɛɛ husu ni FDA ŋmɛɔ gbɛ lɛ shishi. Wɔ hetooi lɛ baa shi fe Shoder kɛ ekrokomɛi.48 kɛ Rima kɛ ekrokomɛi.49. Shoder kɛ ekrokomɛi. (2010) na akɛ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki powda mli (n=49) ni ELISA tsɔɔ lɛ mli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.5 kɛyashi 5.5 mg/kg. Rima kɛ ekrokomɛi. kwɛ melamine ni eshwɛ yɛ mliki mli lɛ mli kɛtsɔ la ni tsoɔ waa lɛ nɔ ni ena akɛ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki mli lɛ ji 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. Afee nikasemɔ ko yɛ Canada yɛ afi 2011 koni akɛkwɛ bɔ ni melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii amli lɛ fa ha (n=94) kɛtsɔ nu mli nibii ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii amli (LC/MS) lɛ nɔ. Ana akɛ melamine mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ faaa fe husu ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ lɛ (shishijee shishitoo mla: 0.5 mg kg−1). Etamɔ nɔ ni shishiumɔ melamine ni ana lɛ ji ŋaa ni akɛtsu nii koni akɛha protein ni yɔɔ mli lɛ aya hiɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, anyɛɛɛ atsɔɔ mli kɛtsɔ ŋmɔshi nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii, nibii ni yɔɔ tsɛnsii amli lɛ ni ajieɔ kɛyaa he kroko, loo nibii krokomɛi ni tamɔ nakai nɔ. Agbɛnɛ hu, ajieee he ni melamine ni yɔɔ mliki powder ni akɛbaa Canada lɛ jɛɔ lɛ kpo50.
Hassani kɛ ekrokomɛi. susu melamine ni yɔɔ mliki powder kɛ mliki ni mli ewo nu mli yɛ Iran jarayelihe lɛ he yɛ afi 2013 mli ni ena nɔ ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, ja mliki powda kɛ mliki ni mli ewo nu lɛ henɔ kome pɛ lɛ, nɔkwɛmɔnii krokomɛi lɛ fɛɛ mli eyi kɛ melamine, ni ebɔle 1.50 kɛyashi 30.32 μg g−1 yɛ mliki powda mli kɛ 0.11 kɛyashi 1.48 μg ml−1 yɛ mliki mli. Nɔ ni sa kadimɔ ji akɛ, anaaa cyanuric acid yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ eko mli, ni no ha bɔ ni melamine ni baanyɛ afee tsofa fɔŋ lɛ ba shi aha mɛi ni yeɔ nii lɛ. 51 Nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ ekwɛ bɔ ni melamine lɛ fa ha yɛ tsokolate nibii ni mliki powda yɔɔ mli lɛ amli. Aaafee 94% yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛba maŋsɛɛ kɛ 77% yɛ Iran nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli lɛ mli lɛ, melamine yɛ mli. Melamine ni yɔɔ ŋmeii ni akɛba maŋsɛɛ lɛ amli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.032 kɛyashiɔ 2.692 mg/kg, yɛ be mli ni nɔ ni yɔɔ Iran ŋmeii lɛ amli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.013 kɛyashiɔ 2.600 mg/kg. Yɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, ana melamine yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli 85% mli, shi nɔ pɔtɛɛ kome pɛ ji nɔ ni yɔɔ ŋwɛigbɛ ni fe husu ni aŋmɛ gbɛ lɛ.44 Tittlemier et al. abɔ amaniɛ akɛ melamine ni yɔɔ mliki mli lɛ falɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ 0.00528 kɛyashiɔ 0.0122 mg/kg.
Table 3 lɛ tsɔɔ osharai ahe niiamlipɛimɔ ni jɛ afii akui etɛ lɛ amli lɛ mli kuku. Oshara lɛ shɛɛɛ 1 yɛ afii akui fɛɛ amli. No hewɔ lɛ, helatsamɔ he oshara ko bɛ ni jɛɔ melamine ni yɔɔ abifao niyenii mli lɛ mli baa.
Mujiwoo ni baa shi yɛ nibii ni akɛ mliki fee lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ mujiwoo ni yiŋtoo ko bɛ he yɛ be mli ni asaa he lɛ mli, yɛ be mli ni nɔ ni yaa hiɛ lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ yiŋtoo ni akɛfataa he lɛ mli. Agbɛnɛ hu, abuɔ oshara fɛɛ ni yɔɔ adesa hewalɛnamɔ he kɛjɛɔ nibii ni akɛ mlikii fee ni melamine faaa yɛ mli lɛ ni ayeɔ lɛ mli lɛ akɛ eji nɔ ni baa shi. Abaanyɛ amu sane naa akɛ nibii ni melamine ni fa fioo tamɔ nɛkɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ ni ayeɔ lɛ kɛ oshara ko baaa mɛi ni yeɔ nii lɛ ahewalɛ nɔ52.
Kɛji akɛ asusu bɔ ni niyenii he shweshweeshwefeemɔ he gbɛjianɔtoo he hiaa ha yɛ mliki nitsumɔhe lɛ, titri lɛ yɛ maŋbii ahewalɛ he buamɔ he lɛ, ehe miihia waa akɛ afee gbɛ ko ni atsɔɔ nɔ akwɛɔ ni akɛtoɔ melamine ni falɛ kɛ nibii ni eshwɛ yɛ mliki powder kɛ gbekɛbii niyenii mli lɛ he ni akɛtoɔ he. Afee HPLC-UV spectrophotometric gbɛ ko ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni ja ni akɛtaoɔ melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki powda mli lɛ mli. Akwɛ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii lɛ mli koni ana akɛ anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ. Atsɔɔ akɛ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa kɛ bɔ ni asusuɔ he ahaa lɛ he husui lɛ ji nɔ ni yɔɔ mlɛo bɔ ni sa ni abaanyɛ asusu melamine ni yɔɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki powda mli lɛ he. Taakɛ wɔ saji lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, ana melamine yɛ Iran nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ ateŋ babaoo mli. Melamine ni ana lɛ fɛɛ shɛɛɛ husu ni fe fɛɛ ni CAC eto lɛ shishi, ni tsɔɔ akɛ nɛkɛ nibii ni akɛ mlikii fee nɛɛ ni ayeɔ lɛ kɛ oshara ko baaa gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ nɔ.
Nibii fɛɛ ni akɛtsu nii ni akɛkwɛɔ tsofai amli lɛ ji nɔ ni akɛpɛiɔ nii amli: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% ni he tse (Sigma-Aldrich, St. HPLC-grade ni akɛwoɔ tsɔne mli lɛ (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); nu ni mli tse waa (Millipore, Morfheim, France). Nibii ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli ni akɛtsuɔ nii shikome pɛ (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, ŋmei lɛ dalɛ ji 0.45 μm, ŋmei lɛ mli ŋmei lɛ dalɛ ji 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany).
Akɛ tsɔne ni akɛtswaa la ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (Elma, Germany), tsɔne ni akɛjieɔ la kɛjɛɔ mli (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) kɛ HPLC (KNAUER, Germany) tsu nii kɛsaa nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ.
Akɛ nu mli tsɔne ko ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ (KNAUER, Germany) ni UV nibii ni haa aleɔ nii lɛ ewo mli lɛ tsu nii. HPLC mlipɛimɔ shihilɛi lɛ ji nɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ nɛɛ: akɛ UHPLC Ultimate gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni akɛ ODS-3 C18 mlipɛimɔ ŋwɛi ŋta (4.6 mm × 250 mm, fãji lɛ dalɛ ji 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) wo mli lɛ tsu nii. HPLC mli nu (ni yaa) ji TFA/methanol ni akɛfutuɔ (450:50 mL) ni 1 mL min-1 hoɔ. Nɔ ni ana lɛ ji 242 nm. 100 μL ji tsɔne ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli lɛ mli, ni tsɔne lɛ mli latsaa ji 20 °C. Akɛni tsofa lɛ be ni ekɛhiɔ mɔ mli lɛ sɛɛ tsɛɔ hewɔ lɛ (minitii 15) hewɔ lɛ, esa akɛ afee tsofa ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ yɛ minitii 25 sɛɛ. Ayoo melamine kɛtsɔ be ni akɛhiɛɔ mli lɛ kɛ UV spectrum peak ni yɔɔ melamine shishitoo mlai lɛ amli lɛ ni akɛtoɔ he lɛ nɔ.
Akɛ nu tsu nii kɛfee melamine (10 μg/mL) ni ji tsofa ko ni akɛtsuɔ nii daa lɛ, ni akɛto friji mli (4 °C) ni la bɛ he ko. Okɛ mobile phase lɛ awo stɔk mli tsofa lɛ mli ni osaa tsofai ni tsuɔ nii ni sa. Akɛ tsofa ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ eko fɛɛ eko wo HPLC lɛ mli shii 7. Akɛ sɛɛkuu mlipɛimɔ ni kɔɔ ŋwɛi ŋta ni atsɔɔ lɛ kɛ ŋwɛi ŋta ni atsɔɔ lɛ he lɛ bu calibration equation 10 lɛ he akɔntaa.
Ahe tsina mliki powda ni yɔɔ jarayeli mli (nɔkwɛmɔnii 20) kɛ tsina mliki ni akɛfee gbekɛbii niyenii (nɔkwɛmɔnii 20) henɔi srɔtoi kɛjɛ maŋ lɛ mli shwapoi wuji kɛ tsofafeemɔ hei ni yɔɔ Iran lɛ amli koni akɛha gbekɛbii ni eye afii srɔtoi (nyɔji 0–6, nyɔji 6–12 kɛ hulutsoo be mli nyɔji 6–12) °C) kɛyashi be mli ni abaapɛi mli. No sɛɛ lɛ, asusu 1 ± 0.01 g ni ji mliki ni afee lɛ ekome lɛ he ni akɛ acetonitrile:nu (50:50, v/v; 5 mL) futu mli. Akɛ tsɔne ni akɛfutuɔ nii lɛ shwieɔ shi minitii 1, no sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ sonicated woɔ ultrasonic bath mli minitii 30, ni naagbee lɛ, akpokpoɔ minitii 1. No sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ nɔ ni akɛfutu lɛ wo 9000 × g mli minitii 10 yɛ tsu mli latsaa mli ni akɛ 0.45 μm syringe filter tsu nii ni akɛshwie nu ni hoɔ lɛ mli awo 2 ml autosampler vial mli. No sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ nu ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ (250 μl) futu nu (750 μl) mli ni awo HPLC gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ mli10,42.
Kɛha gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii lɛ he odaseyeli lɛ, wɔtsɔɔ bɔ ni anáa he sɛɛ, bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa, bɔ ni anaa nii ahaa (LOD), bɔ ni anyɛɔ akwɛɔ bɔ ni nibii yɔɔ ha (LOQ), kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii pɛpɛɛpɛ yɛ shihilɛi ni hi fe fɛɛ amli. Atsɔɔ LOD lɛ shishi akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ŋsɔɔdo ni fe shishijee gbee lɛ shii etɛ. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ŋta ni fe fɛɛ ni ji okadi-kɛ-gbee mlijaa lɛ shii 10 lɛ shishi akɛ LOQ.
Akɛ calibration curve ni data points kpawo yɔɔ mli lɛ tsu nii kɛna hetoo ni tsɔne lɛ haa lɛ. Akɛ melamine mli nibii srɔtoi tsu nii (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 kɛ 1.2). Atsɔɔ bɔ ni melamine he akɔntaabuu gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ ji linearity lɛ mli. Kɛfata he lɛ, akɛ melamine srɔtoi babaoo fata nɔkwɛmɔnii ni bɛ nɔ ko lɛ ahe. Afee tsɔne ni akɛtoɔ nii ahe lɛ kɛtsɔ 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 ni akɛwoɔ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki ni akɛfee powda mli kɛ e-R2 = 0.9925 lɛ nɔ. Akwɛ bɔ ni nifeemɔ lɛ ja ha lɛ mli kɛtsɔ bɔ ni anyɛɔ atsuɔ he nii ekoŋŋ kɛ bɔ ni afeɔ lɛ ekoŋŋ lɛ nɔ, ni aná kɛtsɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli yɛ klɛŋklɛŋ gbii lɛ kɛ gbii etɛ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ amli (yɛ shii etɛ nɔ). Akwɛ bɔ ni gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ nii nɛɛ baanyɛ atsu nii ekoŋŋ lɛ mli kɛtsɔ RSD % ni abuɔ he akɔntaa kɛha melamine ni akɛfata he lɛ mli srɔtoi etɛ lɛ nɔ. Afee helatsamɔ he nikasemɔi koni ana bɔ ni eji pɛpɛɛpɛ. Akɛ bɔ ni helatsamɔ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ lɛ lɛ buɔ he akɔntaa yɛ melamine ni falɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ mli yɛ ŋwɛigbɛi etɛ (0.1, 1.2, 2) yɛ gbekɛbii niyenii kɛ mliki ni egbi mli9,11,15.
Akɛ gbɛ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ nɛɛ tsu nii kɛna niyenii ni ayeɔ daa gbi (EDI) lɛ: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
He ni Ci ji melamine ni yɔɔ mli lɛ mlijaa, Cc ji mliki ni ayeɔ lɛ mlijaa, ni BW ji gbekɛbii lɛ agbɔjɔmɔ mlijaa.
Akɛ SPSS 24 tsu nii kɛpɛi saji amli, ni akɛ Kolmogorov-Smirnov kaa lɛ tsu nii kɛka nɔ ni yaa nɔ daa lɛ akwɛ; saji fɛɛ ji kaai ni jeee paramɛtrik (p = 0). No hewɔ lɛ, akɛ Kruskal-Wallis kaa lɛ kɛ Mann-Whitney kaa lɛ tsu nii koni akɛna srɔtofeemɔi ni he hiaa ni yɔɔ kui ateŋ.
Ingelfinger, Jr. Melamine kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii ehaa yɛ jeŋ muu fɛɛ niyenii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ nɔ. England wolo hee ni kɔɔ tsofafeemɔ he 359 (26), 2745-2748 (2008).
Lynch, RA, kɛ ekrokomɛi. Nɔ ni pH lɛ tsuɔ yɛ melamine ni fãa kɛyaa he kroko yɛ gbekɛbii atsɛnsii amli lɛ nɔ. Jeŋmaji Ateŋ Wolo ni kɔɔ Niyenii ni Afiteɔ He, 2, 1–8 (2015).
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Nirman, MF, kɛ ekrokomɛi. Yɛ vitro kɛ vivo mli lɛ, akwɛɔ melamine dendrimers lɛ mli akɛ tsofai ni akɛhaa tsɔnei. Jeŋmaji ateŋ wolo ni kɔɔ tsofafeemɔ he, 281 (1-2), 129-132 (2004).
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Korma, SA, kɛ ekrokomɛi. Nikasemɔ ni akɛtoɔ lipid mli nibii kɛ abifao fɔmla powda ni yɔɔ lipids ni tsuɔ nii kɛ jarayeli abifao fɔmla mli lɛ he. Europa niyenii niiamlipɛimɔ kɛ ŋaalee 246, 2569-2586 (2020).
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Yin, W., kɛ ekrokomɛi. Nibii ni teɔ shi woɔ melamine lɛ afeemɔ kɛ ELISA gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa melamine yɛ mliki ni ahoko mli, mliki ni egbi, kɛ kooloi aniyenii mli lɛ he nitsumɔ. Wolo ni kɔɔ okwaayeli kɛ niyenii he tsofafeemɔ he 58 (14), 8152-8157 (2010).