Niŋmaa lɛ fata niiamlitaomɔ saneyitso ni ji “Bioremediation tɛknɔlɔji ni etee hiɛ kɛ nibii ni akɛfee nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli (SOC) ni akɛtsuɔ nii ekoŋŋ lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔtoi” lɛ he. Kwɛmɔ saji 14 lɛ fɛɛ
Akɛ nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii babaoo yɛ nitsumɔhei srɔtoi ni ji nibii ni gbeɔ mɔ kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe, nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe. Abuɔ nɛkɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni afee lɛ diɛŋtsɛ (SOCs) loo xenobiotics nɛɛ akɛ nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ ni ekɛ oshara kpele baa jeŋ muu fɛɛ shihilɛ kɛ maŋ hewalɛnamɔ nɔ. Adesai anifeemɔi amli hewalɛ (tamɔ ŋtayaa ni akɛtsuɔ nii, mu ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli, tsɔnei ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli kɛ okwaayeli mli nitsumɔi) lɛ ji nɔ ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni nɛkɛ nibii ni yɔɔ he fɛɛ he ni hiɔ shi daa nɛɛ ayibɔ yɔɔ ha, bɔ ni amɛbaafee amɛnii amɛha kɛ bɔ ni amɛyaa amɛhaa. Kɛfata gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsaa/ajieɔ nibii kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ he lɛ, ŋaalee ni haa shihilɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ ŋmɔ mli lɛ yeɔ egbɔ tamɔ bioremediation, ni kɛ nibii bibii ni baanyɛ afite POCs lɛ kwraa loo etsakeɔ amɛ awoɔ nibii ni bɛ awui mli lɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ eba akɛ gbɛ kroko ni yɔɔ shweshweeshwe, ni shika helɛtemɔ he ehiaaa ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli. Muawai henɔi srɔtoi ni yɔɔ faila Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Burkholderia, kɛ Neosphingobacterium), Firmikutes (Bacillus kɛ Paenibacillus), kɛ Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus kɛ Arthrobacteria yɛ nibii srɔtoi ni wala yɔɔ mli. Metabolic he nikasemɔi, genomics, kɛ metagenomic mlipɛimɔ yeɔ ebuaa wɔ ni wɔnuɔ catabolic mligbalamɔ kɛ srɔtofeemɔ ni yɔɔ wala mli nibii ni yɔɔ mlɛo nɛɛ amli lɛ shishi, ni abaanyɛ akɛtsu nii ekoŋŋ kɛha wala yibii ni fiteɔ nii jogbaŋŋ. PAHs ni ehi shi be kakadaŋŋ lɛ eha nibii heei ni fiteɔ nii lɛ eba kɛtsɔ wala yibii ni akɛyaa wala yibii amli kɛtsɔ wala yibii amli nibii tamɔ plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, genomic ŋshɔkpɔi, kɛ nibii ni feɔ ekome lɛ nɔ. Nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ahe nilee kɛ wala yibii ahe nilee ni kɔɔ akutsei pɔtɛɛ komɛi ahe loo akutseiaŋbii (kuu) baanyɛ aha PAHs nɛɛ atsakemɔ ni mli ka shi faŋŋ, oya ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ kɛtsɔ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ nɔ. Yɛ nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, wɔkɛ wɔjwɛŋmɔ maa gbɛi srɔtoi ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni niyenii lɛ tsakeɔ ehaa kɛ srɔtofeemɔ, fɔmɔ nii kɛ srɔtofeemɔ, kɛ wala yibii ahetooi/tsakemɔi ni kɔɔ naphthalene kɛ naphthalene-fitemɔ bacteria ni akɛtoɔ najiaŋ lɛ nɔ. Enɛ baaha shihilɛ mli nibii ahe saji kɛha ŋmɔ mli nitsumɔ kɛ tsofafeemɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ.
Nitsumɔhei ni yaa hiɛ oya (petrokemikal, okwaayeli, tsofafeemɔ, atadei ahe tsofai, tsofai ni akɛsaa mɔ he, kɛ ekrokomɛi) lɛ eha jeŋ muu fɛɛ shika helɛtemɔ etee hiɛ ni eha shihilɛ hu etee hiɛ. Nɛkɛ hiɛyaa ni yaa hiɛ waa nɛɛ eha afee nibii ni akɛfee nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli (SOCs) babaoo, ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛfeɔ nibii srɔtoi. Nɛkɛ maŋsɛɛ nibii loo SOCs nɛɛ ekomɛi ji polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi, tsofai ni gbeɔ jwɛi, plasticizers, dyes, tsofai, organophosphates, la ni sɛɛ tsɛɔ, nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni sɛɛ tsɛɔ, kɛ ekrokomɛi. nibii ni yeɔ mɔ awui ni baa wala yibii srɔtoi anɔ kɛtsɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii kɛ akutsoŋ gbɛjianɔtoo tsakemɔ nɔ (Petrie kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2015; Bernhardt kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017; Sarkar kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020). Nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni ŋɔɔ lɛ babaoo yɛ hewalɛ ni fiteɔ nii yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ babaoo ni bɛ nɔ ko nɔ ko nɔ (tamɔ koral ŋshɔkei, Arctic/Antarctic ais ŋshɔkei, gɔŋji ni nɔ kwɔlɔ, ŋshɔkei ni mli kwɔ, kɛ ekrokomɛi) (Jones 2010; Beyer et al. 2020; Nord20 et al. 2020; Nordborg). Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni afee lɛ diɛŋtsɛ (tamɔ aromatic pollutants) kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ ni akɛwoɔ nibii ni akɛfee lɛ anɔ (shihilɛ ni ama) (tamɔ kusum gboshinii hei kɛ kaimɔ nibii ni akɛ granite, tɛi, tsei kɛ dade fee) lɛ haa amɛfitemɔ yaa oya (Lidd20.G1). Adesai anifeemɔi baanyɛ aha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni fiteɔ kaimɔ nibii kɛ tsũi lɛ aya hiɛ ni efite kɛtsɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli mujiwoo kɛ kɔɔyɔŋ tsakemɔ nɔ (Liu et al. 2020). Nɛkɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli nɛɛ kɛ nu mli lasu ni yɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli lɛ feɔ ekome ni amɛhiɔ tsɔne lɛ nɔ, ni no haa nibii lɛ fiteɔ yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ mli. Akpɛlɛɔ nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anɔ akɛ tsakemɔi ni esaaa ni baa nibii ni yɔɔ wala mli lɛ ahefɛo kɛ amɛhe nibii amli ni saa amɛhebuu he (Pochon kɛ Jaton, 1967). Nibii bibii krokomɛi ni tsuɔ nii (metabolism) ni yɔɔ nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ amli lɛ baanyɛ aha shishitoo mla lɛ mli emuuyeli, nibii ni abuɔ he jogbaŋŋ kɛ kusum mli sɛɛnamɔ aba shi (Gadd, 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, yɛ shihilɛi komɛi amli lɛ, ana akɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ tsakeɔ amɛhe kɛ amɛhetoohamɔ ni amɛhaa nɛkɛ tsɔnei nɛɛ ahe lɛ he yɛ sɛɛnamɔ ejaakɛ amɛfeɔ biofilms kɛ ŋmeii krokomɛi ni buɔ mɔ he ni haa ŋmeii/shwiemɔ ni yaa nɔ lɛ baa shi (Martino, 2016). No hewɔ lɛ, gbɛi ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni akɛbuɔ tɛi, dade kɛ tsei ahe kaimɔ nii ahe be kakadaŋŋ lɛ ahe nitsumɔ biɔ ni anu gbɛjianɔtoi titrii ni fata nifeemɔ nɛɛ he lɛ shishi jogbaŋŋ. Kɛ akɛto adebɔɔ mli nifeemɔi ahe (shikpɔŋ nɔ nifeemɔi, koo mli la, lasu gɔji ni tswaa, tsei kɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ ahe nifeemɔi), adesai anifeemɔi haa polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kɛ organic carbon (OC) babaoo jeɔ kpo kɛyaa bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli. PAHs babaoo ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ okwaayeli mli (tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi kɛ kooloi ni gbeɔ kooloi tamɔ DDT, atrazine, carbaryl, pentachlorophenol, kɛ ekrokomɛi), nitsumɔhei (mu ni afeee lɛ ŋmɔŋ, mu sũ/sũ, plastic ni jɛɔ mu mli, PCBs, plastic ni akɛtsuɔ nii, tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji kɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai, nibii ni akɛgbeɔ helai (hulutsoo nibii, tsofai ni gbeɔ helai, tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi kɛ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ tsɔne mli) kɛ tawuu nii (nibii ni tswaa mɔ tamɔ 2,4,6-TNT) ji nibii ni baanyɛ aná shibɔlemɔ ŋulamii lɛ ahewalɛ nɔ hewalɛ (Srogi, 2007; Vamsee-Krishna kɛ Phale, 2008; Petrie kɛ ekrokomɛi5)., . Abaanyɛ alɛɛ nɛkɛ wolo nɛɛ mli koni akɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mu mli (fuel mu, mu ni akɛwoɔ mli, asphaltenes), bioplastics ni tsiimɔ wa waa, kɛ ionic nu (Amde kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2015) afata he. Table 1 lɛ tsɔɔ nibii srɔtoi ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ nitsumɔhei srɔtoi amli lɛ. Yɛ nyɛsɛɛ afii nɛɛ amli lɛ, gbɔmɛi ni jieɔ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni sɛɛ tsɛɔ, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon dioxide kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ krokomɛi ni haa jeŋ dɔɔ lɛ ebɔi shweremɔ (Dvorak et al., 2017). Shi kɛlɛ, nibii ni gbɔmɛi kɛbaa lɛ feɔ adebɔɔ mli nibii kwraa. Kɛfata he lɛ, wɔna akɛ SOCs ayibɔ ko hiɔ shi yɛ shihilɛi babaoo amli ni ana akɛ amɛji muji ni miiba ni amɛnáa nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anɔ hewalɛ gbonyo (Mfoniri 1). Shihilɛ he nitsumɔhei tamɔ United States Shihilɛ He Buumɔ Nitsumɔhe (USEPA) kɛ muji nɛɛ babaoo efata amɛ nibii ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ lɛ ahe yɛ amɛ nibii ni gbeɔ wala yibii, nibii ni haa mɔ he feɔ shoo, nibii ni haa mɔ he feɔ shoo, kɛ kansa hela lɛ hewɔ. No hewɔ lɛ, ehe miihia ni ato mlai ni mli wa ni kɔɔ jwɛi ni ashwieɔ lɛ he kɛ gbɛi ni mɔɔ shi jogbaŋŋ kɛha jwɛi ni akɛtsuɔ nii/jiemɔ kɛjɛɔ bɔɔ nii ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ ni muji yɔɔ mli lɛ amli. Gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛi srɔtoi tamɔ pyrolysis, oxidative thermal treatment, kɔɔyɔɔ ni akɛwoɔ mli, sũ ni akɛshwieɔ shikpɔŋ nɔ, shãa, kɛ ekrokomɛi tsuuu nii jogbaŋŋ ni amɛheɔ shika babaoo ni amɛjieɔ nibii ni fiteɔ nii, ni yɔɔ gbeyei ni ewa akɛ aaatsu he nii lɛ kpo. Yɛ be mli ni jeŋ muu fɛɛ shihilɛ he nilee ni yaa hiɛ lɛ, nibii bibii ni baanyɛ afite nɛkɛ muji nɛɛ kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ (tamɔ halogenated, nitro, alkyl kɛ/loo methyl) lɛ miigba mɛi ajwɛŋmɔ kɛmiiba amɛnɔ babaoo (Fennell kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2004; Haritash kɛ ekrokomɛi; ekrokomɛi, 2020; Schwanemann kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020). Nɛkɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii bibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii nɛɛ pɛ loo yɛ kusumii ni efutu mli (kolonii) kɛha nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ ajiemɔ lɛ yɛ sɛɛnamɔi yɛ shihilɛ mli shweshweeshwefeemɔ, shika, bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ, bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ, kɛ bɔ ni ehiɔ shi daa lɛ he. Nibii amlitaolɔi hu miipɛi bɔ ni nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ feɔ ekome kɛ electrochemical redox gbɛi, ni ji bioelectrochemical systems (BES) lɛ mli, akɛ eji ŋaa ni woɔ shi kɛha mujiwoo tsamɔ/jiemɔ (Huang kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2011). BES ŋaalee lɛ egbala mɛi ajwɛŋmɔ kɛba enɔ babaoo yɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa, bɔ ni ejara waaa, bɔ ni eyɔɔ shihilɛ mli shweshweeshwe, bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii yɛ tsu mli latsaa mli, nibii ni kɛ wala yibii kpãa gbee, kɛ nyɛmɔ ni eyɔɔ ni ekɛbaahe nibii ni jara wa ni jɛɔ mli baa (tamɔ, srawa hewalɛ, fuɛl, kɛ tsofai) (Pant et al., 2012; Na20; Nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii amli kɛ omics nibii/gbɛi ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ eha ana saji heei babaoo yɛ bɔ ni nibii bibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ feɔ amɛnii amɛhaa lɛ he, proteomics, kɛ fluxomics. Nibii nɛɛ ni akɛfataa nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ahe nilee he lɛ eha wɔnuɔ gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ahalaa wala yibii bibii lɛ amli lɛ shishi jogbaŋŋ (ni ji, nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔtoo) koni anyɛ ana wala yibii ni fiteɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ. Kɛji akɛ wɔmiitao wɔfee bioremediation gbɛi ni mɔɔ shi jogbaŋŋ kɛtsɔ wala yibii bibii ni sa nɔ lɛ, ehe miihia ni wɔnu wala yibii bibii lɛ ahewalɛ, nibii ni tsakeɔ amɛhe, amɛfɔmɔ nii amli nibii, kɛ amɛshihilɛ (autoecology/synecology) ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ shishi.
Fig. 1. PAHs ni bɛ molecular lɛ jɛɛhei kɛ gbɛi ni amɛtsɔɔ nɔ amɛtsɔɔ shihilɛi srɔtoi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ amli kɛ nibii srɔtoi ni saa wala yibii ahe. Linei ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ damɔ shi kɛha tsakpaa ni yɔɔ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ateŋ.
Yɛ nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, wɔbɔ mɔdɛŋ ni wɔfo saji ni kɔɔ PAHs ni yɔɔ mlɛo tamɔ naphthalene kɛ naphthalenes ni akɛto najiaŋ kɛtsɔ bacteria srɔtoi ni ajie amɛ kpo ni haa metabolic gbɛi kɛ srɔtofeemɔi, enzymes ni fata fitemɔ he, tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nibii/mli nibii kɛ srɔtofeemɔi, cellular hetooi ni jɛɔ bimediore aspect srɔtoi amli lɛ mli kuku. Biochemical kɛ molecular shishinumɔ baaye abua ni ana gbɔi ni sa kɛ amɛ wala yibii ahe nilee kɛha nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni he hiaa waa lɛ ahe tsakemɔ ni mɔɔ shi jogbaŋŋ. Enɛ baaye abua ni afee gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atoɔ helatsɛmɛi akuu ko ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ he kome lɛ shishi kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ jogbaŋŋ.
Nibii ni yɔɔ gbeyei ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ babaoo ni yɔɔ (ni haa Huckel mla 4n + 2π electrons, n = 1, 2, 3, ...) lɛ kɛ oshara ni naa wa baa shihilɛ mli nibii srɔtoi tamɔ kɔɔyɔɔ, shikpɔŋ, ŋmeii, kɛ alPlisiwater (alPlisi.70). Nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ yɛ benzene ŋmɛlɛ kome (monocyclic) loo benzene ŋmɛlɛtswai babaoo (polycyclic) ni ato he gbɛjianɔ yɛ linear, angular loo cluster gbɛ nɔ ni ejieɔ shifimɔ (shifimɔ/shifimɔ) kpo yɛ shihilɛ mli yɛ resonance hewalɛ ni ehiii ni nɔ kwɔ kɛ inertness (inertness) hewɔ, ni abaanyɛ atsɔɔ mli kɛtsɔ amɛ hydrophobici kɛ shihilɛ ni baa shi lɛ nɔ. Kɛji akɛ akɛ methyl (-CH3), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), loo sulfonate (-HSO3) kui tsake aromatic ring lɛ ekoŋŋ lɛ, ebafeɔ nɔ ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ, eyɛ suɔmɔ ni mli wa kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ, ni eji nɔ ni buaa ehe naa yɛ wala yibii amli (Seo kɛ ekrokomɛi, al209; Akɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ekomɛi ni tsiimɔ waaa, tamɔ naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa [methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, naphthalenesulfonate, kɛ 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl)] efata he akɛ nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ yɛ U.S. nɔ ni gbeɔ mɔ, nɔ ni haa mɔ he feɔ shoo, kɛ/loo nɔ ni haa mɔ he feɔ shoo (Cerniglia, 1984). NM-PAHs kuu nɛɛ ni ajieɔ kɛyaa shihilɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ aha nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ abua amɛhe naa yɛ niyenii agbɛjianɔtoo lɛ mli hei fɛɛ, ni no baaha bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahewalɛ aba (Binkova kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2000; Srogi, 2007; Quinn kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2009).
PAHs jɛɛhei kɛ gbɛi ni etsɔɔ nɔ kɛyaa wala yibii amli lɛ ji titri kɛtsɔ shisharamɔ kɛ nifeemɔi ni yɔɔ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli nibii srɔtoi tamɔ shikpɔŋ, shikpɔŋ shishi nu, shikpɔŋ nɔ nu, ŋmɔshi nibii kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ teŋ (Arey kɛ Atkinson, 2003). Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 1 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni PAHs sɔrɔtoi ni tsiimɔ waaa lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa kɛ bɔ ni amɛjaraa amɛhe amɛhaa yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli kɛ amɛ gbɛi ni amɛtsɔɔ nɔ amɛyaa biota/adesa kpojiemɔ mli. PAHs lɛ shwieɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ akɛ kɔɔyɔɔ mli mujiwoo kɛtsɔ tsɔnei amli kɔɔyɔɔ ni ajieɔ lɛ, nitsumɔhei amli kɔɔyɔɔ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli (coal gasification, shãa kɛ coke feemɔ) kɛ amɛshwiemɔ nɔ. Nitsumɔhei nitsumɔi tamɔ atadei ni akɛfee nibii, tsofai kɛ pɛntei afeemɔ; tsei ahe nibii ni abuɔ he; rɔbɔt nitsumɔ; simenti feemɔ nitsumɔi; tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi lɛ afeemɔ; kɛ okwaayeli nitsumɔi ji PAHs jɛɛhei wuji yɛ shikpɔŋ kɛ nu mli gbɛjianɔtoi amli (Bamforth kɛ Singleton, 2005; Wick kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2011). Nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ shikpɔji ni yɔɔ akutseiaŋbii kɛ maŋtiasei amli, ni bɛŋkɛ gbɛjegbɛi wuji, kɛ maji wuji amli lɛ nyɛɔ amɛnáa polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) yɛ tsɔnei ni haa hulu tsoɔ, kɔɔyɔɔ kɛ gbɛjegbɛ nɔ tsɔnei ni tsii, kɛ tsumaa nitsumɔi ahewɔ (Suman et al20,6). (2008) tsɔɔ akɛ PAHs ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ ni bɛŋkɛ gbɛjegbɛi yɛ New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. lɛ mli lɛ falɛ shɛɔ 7189 μg/kg, yɛ be mli ni yɛ he ko ni gbɛ yɔɔ lɛ, eshɛɔ 2404 μg/kg pɛ. Nakai nɔŋŋ hu, abɔ PAH ni falɛ shɛɔ 300 μg/kg he amaniɛ yɛ hei ni bɛŋkɛ hei ni akɛ ŋtayaa feɔ la yɛ yɛ U.S. maji babaoo amli lɛ (Kanaly kɛ Harayama, 2000; Bamforth kɛ Singleton, 2005). Abɔ shikpɔji ni jɛ India maji srɔtoi tamɔ Delhi (Sharma kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2008), Agra (Dubey kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2014), Mumbai (Kulkarni kɛ Venkataraman, 2000) kɛ Visakhapatnam (Kulkarni kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2014) lɛ amli lɛ ahe amaniɛ akɛ PAH fa babaoo yɛ mli. Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ shwieɔ shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii bibii, nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli kɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii bibii anɔ oya, ni no hewɔ lɛ ebafeɔ carbon sinks wuji yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli (Srogi, 2007; Peng et al., 2008). PAHs jɛɛhei wuji ni yɔɔ nu mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ amli ji nugbɔshiimɔ (nugbɔshiimɔ ni mli edɔ/egbi kɛ nu mli lasu), maŋtiase mli nu ni hoɔ, nu fɔŋ ni hoɔ, shikpɔŋ shishi nu ni hoɔ ekoŋŋ kɛ ekrokomɛi (Srogi, 2007). Atsɔɔ akɛ PAHs ni yɔɔ ŋshɔ mli lɛ mlijaa 80% jɛɔ nugbɔshiimɔ, ŋshɔkei ni shwieɔ shi, kɛ jwɛi ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ mli (Motelay-Massei kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006; Srogi, 2007). PAHs ni fa babaoo yɛ nu ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ loo nu ni hoɔ kɛjɛɔ hei ni ashwieɔ jwɛi ni mli wa lɛ yɛ naagbee lɛ shwieɔ shikpɔŋ shishi nu mli, ni ekɛ maŋ hewalɛnamɔ he gbeyeishemɔ kpele baa ejaakɛ gbɔmɛi ni fa fe 70% ni yɔɔ Asia Anaigbɛ kɛ Anaigbɛ Bokagbɛ lɛ nuɔ shikpɔŋ shishi nu (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Nikasemɔ ko ni Duttagupta kɛ ekrokomɛi fee nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ. (2020) ni kɔɔ faa (32) kɛ shikpɔŋ shishi nu (235) mlipɛimɔi ni jɛ West Bengal, India lɛ he lɛ na akɛ, aaafee maŋtiasei amli bii 53% kɛ akrowai amli bii 44% (ni amɛ fɛɛ amɛyibɔ ​​ji akpekpei 20) baanyɛ aná naphthalene (4.9–10.s. Abuɔ shikpɔŋ ni akɛtsuɔ nii srɔtoi kɛ shikpɔŋ shishi nu ni ajieɔ lɛ babaoo akɛ nibii titri ni kudɔɔ gbɛfaa ni damɔ shi shiŋŋ (advection) ni ji PAHs ni tsiimɔ waaa yɛ shikpɔŋ shishi lɛ. Ana akɛ okwaayeli mli nu ni hoɔ, maŋ kɛ nitsumɔhei amli nu fɔŋ ni ajieɔ, kɛ jwɛi ni mli wa/jwɛi ni ajieɔ lɛ naa PAHs ni yɔɔ faai amli kɛ shikpɔŋ shishi ŋmeii amli lɛ anɔ hewalɛ. Kɔɔyɔɔ mli nugbɔ ni nɛɔ lɛ haa PAH mujiwoo lɛ mli waa. Abɔ PAHs kɛ amɛ alkyl nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ babaoo he amaniɛ (51 yɛ fɛɛ mli) yɛ faai/nu ŋshɔi ni yɔɔ jeŋ fɛɛ lɛ amli, tamɔ Fraser Faa lɛ, Louan Faa lɛ, Denso Faa lɛ, Missouri Faa lɛ, Anacostia Faa lɛ, Ebro Faa lɛ, kɛ Delaware Faa lɛ (Yunker kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2002; Motelay kɛ ekrokomɛi2,0 2010; Amoako kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2011; Yɛ Ganges Faa lɛ mli ŋmeii lɛ amli lɛ, ana akɛ naphthalene kɛ phenanthrene ji nɔ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ (ana yɛ 70% yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli) (Duttagupta kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019). Agbɛnɛ hu, nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ chlorine wo nu ni anuɔ lɛ mli lɛ, ebaanyɛ eha PAHs ni yɔɔ oxygen kɛ chlorine ni yɔɔ gbeyei babaoo aba (Manoli kɛ Samara, 1999). PAHs buaa ehe naa yɛ ŋmaa, aduawai kɛ aduawai amli akɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ tsei ni jɛɔ shikpɔji ni mli ewo muji, shikpɔŋ shishi nu kɛ nugbɔshiimɔ mli baa lɛ mli baa (Fismes et al., 2002). Nu mli nibii babaoo tamɔ loo, ŋshɔŋlooi, ŋshɔŋlooi kɛ ŋshɔŋlooi babaoo kɛ PAHs woɔ mli kɛtsɔ niyenii kɛ ŋshɔ mli nu ni mli ewo muji lɛ ni amɛyeɔ lɛ nɔ, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu kɛtsɔ fãji kɛ hewolo nɔ (Mackay kɛ Fraser, 2000). Gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ahoɔ nii/atsuɔ he nii tamɔ shãa, shãa, shãa, shãa, shãa, shãa kɛ shãa kɛ ŋtayaa hu baanyɛ aha PAHs babaoo aba niyenii mli. Enɛ damɔ nibii ni akɛshãa tawa lɛ ahalamɔ nɔ babaoo, nɔ ni yɔɔ mli ni ji phenolic/aromatic hydrocarbon, bɔ ni ahoɔ nii ahaa, tsɔne ni haa hulu tsoɔ, hulutsoo ni yɔɔ mli, kɔɔyɔɔ ni haa wala yibii kɛ la ni tsoɔ lɛ mli latsaa (Guillén kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2000; Gomes kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2013). A na hɛ mi nyami nɛ ngɛ slɔɔtoslɔɔtohi (PAHs) hu ngɛ mliki mi ngɛ slɔɔtoslɔɔtohi a mi (0.75–2.1 mg/L) (Girelli kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2014). Nɛkɛ PAHs nɛɛ ni abua naa yɛ niyenii mli lɛ hu damɔ niyenii lɛ physicochemical sui anɔ, yɛ be mli ni amɛ toxic nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ kɔɔ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli nitsumɔi, niyenii mli nibii ni tsakeɔ, nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli, mlijaa kɛ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mlijaa he (Mechini et al., 2011).
Ale bɔ ni ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii amli lɛ yeɔ mɔ awui kɛ bɔ ni ŋmeii lɛ yeɔ mɔ awui amɛhaa lɛ be kakadaŋŋ (Cherniglia, 1984). Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (LMW-PAHs) (rings enyɔ kɛyashi etɛ) baanyɛ abɔ nibii srɔtoi tamɔ DNA, RNA kɛ proteins ahe ni amɛhaa kansa baa (Santarelli kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2008). Akɛni amɛsumɔɔɔ nu hewɔ lɛ, lipid membranes gbalaa amɛteŋ. Yɛ adesai amli lɛ, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases lɛ haa PAHs lɛ feɔ epoxides, ni ekomɛi tsuɔ nii waa (tamɔ, baediol epoxide) ni ebaanyɛ ekɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli lɛ atsake kɛbatsɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ gbeyei (Marston kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2001). Kɛfata he lɛ, tsakemɔ nibii ni jɛɔ PAHs mli tamɔ quinones, phenols, epoxides, diols, kɛ ekrokomɛi amli lɛ ji nɔ ni yɔɔ gbeyei fe fɔlɔi nibii lɛ. PAHs komɛi kɛ amɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ baanyɛ aná tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛ enzymes srɔtoi ni yɔɔ tsofafeemɔ mli lɛ anɔ hewalɛ ni ehiii kwraa, ni no baanyɛ aná dalɛ, tsitsii ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ, fɔmɔ kɛ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli nibii ni tsiɔ hela naa lɛ anɔ hewalɛ ni ehiii (Swetha kɛ Phale, 2005; Vamsee-Krishna kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006; Oostingh kɛ ekrokomɛi). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, kɛ́ mɔ ko kɛ PAHs ni tsiimɔ waaa lɛ tsu nii yɛ be kukuoo mli lɛ, ekɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ tsuuu nii jogbaŋŋ ni ehaa lá hoɔ yɛ mɛi ni yeɔ asthma lɛ amli, ni ehaa hewolo nɔ, fɛ̃i, fɔmɔ kotoku kɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli kansa baa (Olsson kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2010; Diggs kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2011). Koolooi ahe nikasemɔi hu etsɔɔ akɛ PAH ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ aná fɔmɔ nitsumɔ kɛ ehiɛyaa nɔ hewalɛ gbonyo ni ebaanyɛ ekɛ hiŋmɛii amli tsɔi, tsitsii kɛ tsitsii ni fiteɔ, kɛ jaundice aba. Atsɔɔ akɛ PAH nibii srɔtoi tamɔ diols, epoxides, quinones kɛ free radicals (cations) feɔ DNA nibii ni fataa he. Atsɔɔ akɛ adducts ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ lɛ tsakeɔ DNA lɛ sɛɛkuu tsɔne lɛ, yɛ be mli ni adducts ni bɛ shiŋŋ lɛ baanyɛ ajie DNA (titri lɛ kɛya adenine nɔ kɛ bei komɛi hu kɛya guanine nɔ); amɛ fɛɛ amɛbaanyɛ amɛjie tɔmɔi ni kɛ tsakemɔi baa (Schweigert kɛ ekrokomɛi 2001). Kɛfata he lɛ, quinones (benzo-/pan-) baanyɛ afee oxygen henɔi ni tsuɔ nii (ROS), ni ekɛ gbele baa DNA kɛ macromolecules krokomɛi anɔ, ni no haa fãji lɛ anitsumɔ/wala shihilɛ (Ewa kɛ Danuta 2017) baa. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, kɛ́ mɔ ko kɛ ehe woɔ pyrene, biphenyl kɛ naphthalene ni fa fioo lɛ mli be fɛɛ be lɛ, ekɛ kansa baa kooloi ni akaa amɛ akwɛɔ lɛ anɔ (Diggs kɛ ekrokomɛi 2012). Yɛ amɛ gbele nibii ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ hewɔ lɛ, PAHs nɛɛ ahe saamɔ/jiemɔ kɛjɛ hei ni efite/efite lɛ ji nɔ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ.
Akɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛi srɔtoi etsu nii ni akɛjie PAHs kɛjɛ hei/shihilɛhei ni mli ewo muji lɛ amli. Nifeemɔi tamɔ shãa, dechlorination, UV oxidation, fixation, kɛ solvent extraction yɛ naagbai babaoo, ni nɔ ni fata he ji nibii ni yɔɔ gbeyei ni jɛɔ mli baa, gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ mli wa, shweshweeshwefeemɔ kɛ mlai ahe saji, nitsumɔ ni baa shi, kɛ shika babaoo. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni fiteɔ nii (ni atsɛɔ lɛ bioremediation) lɛ ji gbɛ kroko ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni kɔɔ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ kusumii krɔŋŋ loo akutsei amli lɛ he. Kɛ́ akɛ gbɛ nɛɛ to gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛi ahe lɛ, ekɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ kpãaa gbee, ekɛ shika tsuuu nii, ni ehiɔ shi daa. Akɛ tsofa ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ atsu nii yɛ he ni hela lɛ emɔ lɛ (yɛ he ni eyɔɔ lɛ) loo yɛ he ko ni asaa he jogbaŋŋ (ex situ) ni no hewɔ lɛ abuɔ lɛ akɛ eji tsofafeemɔ gbɛ ni hiɔ shi daa fe blema gbɔmɔtsoŋ kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛi (Juhasz kɛ Naidu, 2000; Andreoni kɛ Gianfreda kɛ ekrokomɛi; 2020; Sarkar kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020).
Nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ afitemɔ lɛ shishinumɔ yɛ jeŋ nilee kɛ shika helɛtemɔ mli sɛɛnamɔi wuji kɛha shihilɛ mli nibii kɛ shihilɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ ahilɛ-kɛhamɔ. Akɛ carbon (C) ni feɔ gram 2.1×1018 toɔ ŋmeii kɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli (ni ji, mu, adebɔɔ mli la, kɛ ŋtayaai, ni ji, sũ mli nibii ni anáa kɛjɛɔ mli) amli yɛ jeŋ fɛɛ, ni ekɛ yelikɛbuamɔ ni sa kadimɔ haa jeŋ muu fɛɛ carbon shihilɛ lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, nitsumɔhei ni yaa hiɛ oya, sũ mli tsofa ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ sũ mli, kɛ adesai anifeemɔi miifite nɛkɛ lithospheric carbon ŋtayaai nɛɛ, ni ejieɔ aaafee 5.5×1015 g ni ji organic carbon (tamɔ nibii ni fiteɔ nii) kɛyaa kɔɔyɔɔ mli daa afi (Gonzalez-Gaya et al., 2019). Nɛkɛ wala yibii ni wala yɔɔ mli nɛɛ ateŋ babaoo boteɔ shikpɔŋ kɛ ŋshɔ mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli kɛtsɔɔ sũ ni shwieɔ shi, gbɛfaa, kɛ nu ni hoɔ. Kɛfata he lɛ, nibii heei ni akɛfee nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni anáa kɛjɛɔ sũ mli nibii amli, tamɔ plastic, plasticizers kɛ plastic stabilizers (phthalates kɛ amɛ isomers), fiteɔ ŋshɔ mli, shikpɔŋ kɛ nu mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ kɛ amɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ waa, ni no haa jeŋ muu fɛɛ kɔɔyɔŋ tsakemɔ he osharai lɛ yaa hiɛ. Mikroplastik henɔi srɔtoi, nanoplastik, plastic mli fãi kɛ amɛ monomer nibii ni yɔɔ gbeyei ni jɛ polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mli lɛ ebua amɛhe naa yɛ Pasifik Ŋshɔ lɛ mli yɛ Amerika Kooyigbɛ kɛ Asia Anaigbɛ Bokagbɛ teŋ, ni amɛfee “Pasifik Jwɛi Kpeteŋkpele lɛ”, ni yeɔ ŋshɔ mli wala awui (Newell et al., . Jeŋ nilee mli nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ anyɛɛɛ ajie muji/muji ni tamɔ nɛkɛ kɛtsɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ loo tsofafeemɔ gbɛ ko nɔ. Yɛ nɛkɛ sane nɛɛ mli lɛ, nibii bibii ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ fe fɛɛ ji mɛi ni baanyɛ atsake nibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ amli kɛya carbon dioxide, tsofa hewalɛ kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni bɛ awui ni sɛɛ mli lɛ amɛboteɔ niyenii mli nibii krokomɛi amli (H, O, N, S, P, Fe, kɛ ekrokomɛi). No hewɔ lɛ, shishinumɔ ni kɔɔ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ahe kɛ bɔ ni ekwɛɔ shihilɛ mli nibii bibii anɔ lɛ he hiaa waa kɛha nibii bibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ahe shika kɛ wɔsɛɛ be kɔɔyɔŋ tsakemɔ he osharai lɛ akwɛmɔ. Akɛni ehe miihia ni ajie nibii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ kɛjɛ shihilɛ mli oya hewɔ lɛ, eko-nitsumɔhei srɔtoi ni kɛ amɛjwɛŋmɔ maa ŋaalee ni he tse nɔ lɛ eba. Nɔ kroko hu ji akɛ, abuɔ nitsumɔhei amli jwɛi/tsofai ni abua naa yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli lɛ ahe sɛɛnamɔ (ni ji jwɛi kɛyaa ninamɔ gbɛ nɔ) akɛ eji shika helɛtemɔ ni yɔɔ kpokpaa nɔ kɛ shweremɔ ni yaa nɔ daa lɛ otii lɛ ateŋ ekome (Close et al., 2012). No hewɔ lɛ, shishinumɔ ni kɔɔ bɔ ni nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ baanyɛ afite nii nɛɛ ahe lɛ he hiaa waa kɛha nibii ni fiteɔ nii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ lɛ ajiemɔ kɛ amɛhe nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ.
Yɛ nibii babaoo ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ateŋ lɛ, wɔkɛ wɔjwɛŋmɔ krɛdɛɛ maa PAHs ni tsiimɔ waaa tamɔ naphthalene kɛ naphthalenes ni akɛtoɔ najiaŋ lɛ anɔ. Nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ ji nibii titrii ni akɛwoɔ tsofa ni jɛɔ mu mli, atadei amli tsofai, nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii, tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi (mothballs kɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi), plasticizers kɛ tannins ni no hewɔ lɛ amɛgbɛ amɛshwã bɔɔ nii babaoo ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli (Preuss et al., 2003). Amaniɛbɔi ni je kpo nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ maa bɔ ni naphthalene ni fa babaoo lɛ buaa ehe naa yɛ nu mli ŋmeii, shikpɔŋ shishi nu kɛ shikpɔŋ shishi sũi, vadose hei kɛ faai amli lɛ nɔ mi, ni etsɔɔ akɛ ebua ehe naa yɛ shihilɛ mli (Duttagupta et al., 2019, 2020). Table 2 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa, bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii ehaa yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ mli lɛ mli kuku. Kɛ akɛto PAHs krokomɛi ni tsiimɔ wa waa lɛ ahe lɛ, naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ nyɛɛɛ nu atsɔ mli, nu mli shwieɔ shi babaoo ni amɛgbɛɔ eshwaa bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli, no hewɔ lɛ bei pii lɛ akɛtsuɔ nii akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni akɛkaseɔ bɔ ni PAHs lɛ mli nibii tsakeɔ, bɔ ni wala yibii kɛ bɔ ni amɛtsakeɔ amɛhe amɛhaa lɛ he nii. Nibii bibii babaoo ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ baanyɛ atsake naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ, ni saji ni mli kwɔ yɛ amɛ tsakemɔ gbɛi, enzymes kɛ nibii ni kudɔɔ amɛ lɛ ahe (Mallick kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2011; Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019, 2020). Kɛfata he lɛ, ahala naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛkwɛɔ shihilɛ mli mujiwoo mli yɛ bɔ ni amɛfa babaoo kɛ bɔ ni amɛyɔɔ wala mli lɛ hewɔ. Nitsumɔhe ni Kwɛɔ Shihilɛ He Buu U.S. lɛ buɔ akɔntaa akɛ, kɛ́ aja mli lɛ, naphthalene ni falɛ ji 5.19 μg yɛ kubik mita kome mli kɛjɛɔ sigaret lasu mli, titri lɛ kɛjɛɔ shãa ni eyeee emuu mli, kɛ 7.8 kɛyashi 46 μg kɛjɛɔ lasu ni jɛɔ sɛɛgbɛ lɛ mli, yɛ be mli ni creosote kɛ naphthalene ni falɛ ji 1,P0us ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ ji 1,000. ekrokomɛi 2003). Ana akɛ naphthalene titri lɛ yɛ mumɔ mli tsofai fɔji kɛ kansa hela. Kɛtsɔ kooloi ahe nikasemɔ nɔ lɛ, Majimaji Ateŋ Nitsumɔhe ni Kwɛɔ Kansa He Nibii Amli lɛ (IARC) ebu naphthalene akɛ “ebaanyɛ ekɛ kansa aba gbɔmɔtso mli” (Kuu 2B)1. Naphthalenes ni akɛtoɔ najiaŋ lɛ ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli, titri lɛ kɛtsɔ mumɔ ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli loo ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli (ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli) lɛ nɔ lɛ haa fɛ̃i mli fãji lɛ yeɔ awui ni ehaa fɛ̃i mli fãji ni yɔɔ ŋmeii kɛ ŋmeii amli lɛ yaa hiɛ (National Toxicology Program 2). Nɔ ni fata he ji, shwiemɔ, shwiemɔ, musu mli piŋmɔ, shwiemɔ, yitsoŋ hela, yiŋfutumɔ, shwiemɔ babaoo, atridii, tsui ni tswaa oya, kɛ ekrokomɛi. adesai ni atsɔɔ akɛ etsĩɔ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe lɛ naa (Smulders kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2003; Bulen kɛ Distel, 2011). No hewɔ lɛ, bɔ ni nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ fiteɔ, bɔ ni wala yibii lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa, enzymatic kɛ cellular nifeemɔi lɛ shishinumɔ he hiaa waa kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ yɛ hei ni muji yɔɔ lɛ.
Saji fitsofitso ni kɔɔ physicochemical nibii, nitsumɔi, gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ayɔseɔ kɛ helai ni fata he ni ji naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ he.
Yɛ hei ni muji ewo mli lɛ, muji ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe kɛ muji ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ baanyɛ aha wala yibii lɛ aná naagbai srɔtoi yɛ shihilɛ mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anɔ (akutso), tamɔ tsakemɔi ni baa tsɔne lɛ mli nu ni hoɔ, tsɔne lɛ mli nu ni hoɔ, tsɔne lɛ mli nu ni hoɔ, tsɔne lɛ mli tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mlifuumɔ, hewalɛ ni akɛhaa lɛ mligbalamɔ (electron tsɔne ni akɛyaa tsɔne lɛ mli lɛ mligbalamɔ). (Sikkema kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1995). Kɛfata he lɛ, nibii komɛi ni mli tse tamɔ catechols kɛ quinones lɛ jieɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni haa wala yibii tsuɔ nii (ROS) ni amɛfeɔ adducts kɛ DNA kɛ proteins (Penning kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1999). No hewɔ lɛ, nibii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni fa babaoo yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli lɛ haa bɔɔ nii bibii akutsei lɛ nyɛɔ amɛfeɔ nibii ni fiteɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ shihilɛi srɔtoi amli, ni nɔ ni fata he ji nibii ni aŋɔ/akɛyaa, nibii ni tsakeɔ yɛ wala yibii amli, nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli/akɛ nitsumɔ, kɛ nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ amli.
Ribosomal Database Project-II (RDP-II) lɛ mli taomɔ ko tsɔɔ akɛ ajie helai ni gbeɔ mɔ ni fa fe 926 kɛjɛ adafitswaa woji loo nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni akɛ naphthalene loo nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ ewo mli lɛ amli. Proteobacteria kuu lɛ ji nɔ ni yɔɔ najiaŋdamɔlɔi babaoo fe fɛɛ (n = 755), ni Firmicutes (52), Bacteroidetes (43), Actinobacteria (39), Tenericutes (10), kɛ bacteria ni atsɔɔɔ mli (8) nyiɛ sɛɛ (Mfoniri 2). γ-Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadales kɛ Xanthomonadales) anajiaŋdamɔlɔi ye Gram-ni bɛ kui fɛɛ ni G+C babaoo yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ (54%), yɛ be mli ni Clostridiales kɛ Bacillales (30%) ji kui ni yɔɔ Gram-nibii ni G+C yɔɔ mli fioo lɛ anɔ. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ Pseudomonas (yibɔ ni fa fe fɛɛ, 338 henɔi) baanyɛ afite naphthalene kɛ emli nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ yɛ shihilɛi srɔtoi ni mli ewo muji amli (coal tar, petroleum, mu ni afeee lɛ, sũ, mu ni hoɔ, nu ni mli ewo muji, jwɛi ni wala yɔɔ mli kɛ sũ mli nibii ni ashwieɔ lɛ, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu, shikpɔŋ shishi nu) (Mfoniri 2). Kɛfata he lɛ, niiamlipɛimɔ he nikasemɔi kɛ metagenomic mlipɛimɔ ni kɔɔ kpokpai nɛɛ ekomɛi ahe lɛ jie lɛ kpo akɛ Legionella kɛ Clostridium henɔi ni akwɛɛɛ amɛ jogbaŋŋ lɛ baanyɛ aná hewalɛ ni amɛfiteɔ nii, ni tsɔɔ akɛ ehe miihia ni akwɛ nɛkɛ helai nɛɛ anɔ koni akɛkase gbɛi heei kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ ahe nii.
Fig. 2. Taxonomic srɔtoi kɛ shihilɛ mli nibii amlijaa ni bacteria najiaŋdamɔlɔi yɔɔ yɛ hei ni naphthalene kɛ naphthalene nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ efite lɛ.
Yɛ nibii bibii srɔtoi ni fiteɔ hydrocarbon ni mli ŋɔɔ lɛ ateŋ lɛ, amɛteŋ babaoo baanyɛ afite naphthalene akɛ carbon kɛ hewalɛ jɛɛhe pɛ. Atsɔɔ bɔ ni nibii ni yaa nɔ yɛ naphthalene tsakemɔ mli lɛ yaa nɔ ahaa Pseudomonas sp. 1994; Resnick kɛ ekrokomɛi, An094; 2003; Dennis kɛ Zylstra, 2004; Sota kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006; ni tsakeɔ naftalin lɛ ewoɔ cis-naftalinidiol mli (Mfoniri 3 lɛ, atsakeɔ Cis-dihydrodiol lɛ efeɔ 1,2-dihidroksinaftalini kɛtsɔ dehidrogenase ko ni haa ŋwɛi ŋtayaa lɛ mli fãa, 1,2-dihidroksinaftalini-dioksijinasi (12DHNDO,2) lɛ nɔ. 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic asid lɛ feɔ trans-o-hidroksibenzylidenepyruvate, ni hydratase aldolase lɛ gbalaa kɛyaa salicylic aldehyde kɛ pyruvate mli lɛ ji nɔ ni jɛɔ carbon ni ji tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mli tɛ̃ɛ. NAD+-ni damɔ shi kɛha salicylaldehyde lɛ tsakeɔ salicylaldehyde lɛ ewoɔ salicyl acid mli. 2,3-dioxygenase lɛ ji nɔ ni jeɔ naftalin lɛ fitemɔ shishi koni ekɛfee 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalen (Annweiler kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2000).
Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 3. Gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ afiteɔ naftalin, metilnaftalin, naftoik asid, kɛ karbaril. Yibɔi ni akɛbɔle he lɛ damɔ shi kɛha enzymes ni haa naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ tsakeɔ kɛyaa nibii ni nyiɛɔ sɛɛ lɛ amli. 1 — naftalɛn ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (NDO); 2, cis-dihaidrodiol dehaidrogenase; 3, 1,2-dihaidroksinaftalɛn dioksijɛnase; 4, 2-haidrɔksikromɛn-2-karbɔksilik asid isomeraz; 5, tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 6, salisilaldehaid dehaidrogenase; 7, salisilɛt 1-haidrɔksilɛs; 8, katekɔl 2,3-diɔksijɛnaz (C23DO); 9, 2-haidrɔksimukonat semialdehaid dehidrogenase; 10, 2-oksɔpɛnt-4-enɔte haidratase; 11, 4-haidrɔksi-2-oksɔpɛntanoat aldolase; 12, asetaldehaid dehaidrogenase; 13, katekɔl-1,2-daioksijɛnas (C12DO); 14, mukonate tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 15, mukonolaktɔn delta-isomerase; 16, β-ketoadipatenolaktɔn hydrolase; 17, β-ketoadipat suksinil-CoA tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 18, β-ketoadipat-KoA tsɛŋemɔ hela; 19, suksinil-CoA: asetil-KoA suksiniltransferase; 20, salisilɛt 5-haidrɔksilɛs; 21 – tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (GDO); 22, maleilpyruvate ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 23, fumarilpiruvate hydrolase; 24, ni ji tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (NDO); 25, tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 26, naftaldehaid ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 27, 3-fɔmilsalisilik asid oksides; 28, tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 29, ni ji karbaril hydrolase (CH); 30, 1-naftɔl-2-haidrɔksilɛs.
Kɛjɛ gbɔmɔtso lɛ kɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ lɛ nɔ lɛ, atsakeɔ salicylic acid ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ kɛtsɔɔ catechol gbɛ ni akɛ salicylate 1-hydroxylase (S1H) tsuɔ nii loo kɛtsɔɔ gentisate gbɛ ni akɛ salicylate 5-hydroxylase (S5H) tsuɔ nii lɛ nɔ (Mfoniri 3). Akɛni salicylic acid ji teŋgbɛ nɔ titri ni yɔɔ naphthalene tsakemɔ mli (ŋwɛi gbɛ) hewɔ lɛ, bei pii lɛ, atsɛɔ gbɛi ni tsɔɔ salicylic acid kɛyaa TCA teŋgbɛ nɔ lɛ akɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ, ni atoɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ koni amɛfee operon kome. Afɔɔ namɔ akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi gbɛ operon (nah) kɛ shishi gbɛ operon (sal) lɛ mli lɛ ji nɔ ni nibii ni kudɔɔ nibii ni afɔɔ namɔ lɛ kudɔɔ; nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, NahR kɛ salicylic acid tsuɔ nii akɛ nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli, ni ehaa operons enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ tsakeɔ naphthalene lɛ kwraa (Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019, 2020).
Kɛfata he lɛ, ajieɔ katekol lɛ mli kɛyaa 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde mli kɛtsɔɔ meta gbɛ nɔ kɛtsɔ katekol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO) (Yen kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1988) nɔ, ni ekɛ 2-hydroxy-hydroxy-hydropendie acid, hydrolase lɛ feɔ hydrolyze ekoŋŋ. No sɛɛ lɛ, 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate lɛ tsakeɔ efeɔ pyruvate kɛ acetaldehyde kɛtsɔ hydratase (2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase) kɛ aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate aldolase) nɔ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ eboteɔ carbon gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ mli (Mfoniri 3). Nɔ kroko hu ji akɛ, katekol 1,2-oxygenase (C12DO) lɛ gbalaa mli kɛyaa cis,cis-muconate mli kɛtsɔɔ orto gbɛ nɔ. 1968) (Nozaki kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1968) (Nozaki kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1968) (Nozaki kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1968) (Nozaki kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1968) tsakeɔ cis,cis-muconate kɛyaa 3-oxoadipate mli.
Yɛ ŋwɛi ŋtayaa (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate) gbɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ, ŋtayaa 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) lɛ gbalaa ŋtayaa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mli koni efee maleylpyruvate. Nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ baanyɛ atsɔ nu mli tɛ̃ɛ ni etsɔ pyruvate kɛ malate, loo abaanyɛ afee lɛ isomer ni efee fumarylpyruvate, ni no sɛɛ lɛ abaanyɛ atsɔ nu mli ni etsɔ pyruvate kɛ fumarate (Larkin kɛ Day, 1986). Akwɛ gbɛ kroko ni atsɔɔ nɔ ahalaa lɛ yɛ Gram-negative kɛ Gram-positive helai fɛɛ amli yɛ wala yibii kɛ fɔmɔ nii amli (Morawski kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1997; Whyte kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1997). Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe (Pseudomonas) lɛ sumɔɔ ni amɛkɛ salicylic acid, ni ji nɔ ni haa tsofa ni ji naphthalene lɛ tsakeɔ lɛ atsu nii, ni ekɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii (Gibson kɛ Subramanian, 1984). Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, yɛ Gram-positive bacteria (Rhodococcus) mli lɛ, salicylate 5-hydroxylase lɛ tsakeɔ salicylic acid lɛ ewoɔ gentisic acid mli, yɛ be mli ni salicylic acid lɛ bɛ hewalɛ ko ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli yɛ naphthalene tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ aŋmalamɔ nɔ (Grund kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1992) (Mfoniri 3).
Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, kooloi tamɔ Pseudomonas CSV86, Oceanobacterium NCE312, Marihomonas naphthotrophicus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, Vibrio cyclotrophus, Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a, Pseudomonas species degrade kɛ 1975; Cane kɛ Williams, 1982; Mahajan kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1994; Dutta kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1998; Hedlund kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1999). Yɛ amɛteŋ lɛ, 1-metilnaftalɛn kɛ 2-metilnaftalɛn fitemɔ gbɛ ni ji Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 lɛ ji nɔ ni akase lɛ faŋŋ yɛ wala yibii kɛ enzymatic ŋwɛi gbɛhei (Mahajan kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1994). 1-Methylnaphthalene lɛ tsɔɔ gbɛi enyɔ nɔ. Klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, aŋɔ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (methylnaphthalene ŋtayaa ni akɛtsakeee lɛ) feɔ cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-methylnaphthalene, ni haa ŋtayaa lɛ feɔ methyl salicylate kɛ methylcatechol (ni no sɛɛ lɛ eboteɔ ŋtayaa lɛ teŋgbɛ carbonavage gbɛ lɛ sɛɛ). Atsɛɔ gbɛ nɛɛ akɛ “carbon jɛɛhe gbɛ”. Yɛ “gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ tsofai fɔji kɛjɛɔ mɔ mli lɛ” ni ji enyɔ lɛ mli lɛ, NDO baanyɛ afee methyl kuu lɛ ni ekɛfee 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene, ni no hu yaa hiɛ kɛyaa 1-naphthoic acid mli ni ejieɔ kɛyaa kusum mli nibii amli akɛ nɔ ko ni gboɔ. Nibii amlitaomɔi etsɔɔ akɛ CSV86 tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ nyɛɛɛ ada yɛ 1- kɛ 2-naphthoic acid nɔ akɛ carbon kɛ hewalɛ jɛɛhe pɛ, ni emaa gbɛ ni etsɔɔ nɔ ejieɔ tsofai fɔji kɛjɛɔ mɔ mli lɛ nɔ mi (Mahajan kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1994; Basu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2003). Yɛ 2-methylnaphthalene mli lɛ, methyl kuu lɛ tsɔɔ hydroxylase mli koni ekɛfee 2-methylnaphthalene. Kɛfata he lɛ, naphthalene ŋmɛlɛ ni akɛtsakeee lɛ tsɔɔ ŋmɛlɛ ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ mli koni efee dihydrodiol, ni 4-hydroxymethylcatechol feɔ 4-hydroxymethylcatechol yɛ enzyme ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ mli ni eboteɔ carbon gbɛ lɛ teŋgbɛ kɛtsɔɔ meta-ring cleavage gbɛ lɛ nɔ. Nakai nɔŋŋ hu, abɔ amaniɛ akɛ S. paucimobilis 2322 lɛ kɛ NDO tsuɔ nii ni ekɛfeɔ 2-methylnaphthalene ni ji hydroxylate lɛ, ni no hu yaa hiɛ ni ekɛfeɔ methyl salicylate kɛ methylcatechol (Dutta kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1998).
Naphthoic acids (ni akɛtoɔ najiaŋ/ni akɛtoko najiaŋ) ji nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ/nibii ni tsakeɔ mɔ lɛ ni afeɔ yɛ be mli ni methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene kɛ anthracene lɛ fiteɔ lɛ mli ni ajieɔ kɛyaa kusum nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ amli. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ tsofa ni ji Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 lɛ baanyɛ atsake 1-naphthoic acid lɛ akɛ carbon jɛɛhe (Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1995). Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ koni efee 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynafthalene. Nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ tsɔɔ 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzylidenepyruvate, 3-formylsalicylic acid, 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid kɛ salicylic acid nɔ ni eboteɔ carbon gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ meta-ring cleavage gbɛ lɛ nɔ (Mfoniri 3).
Carbaryl ji tsofa ko ni gbeɔ kooloi ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi. Kɛjɛ be mli ni Green Revolution ni tee nɔ yɛ India yɛ afi 1970 afii lɛ amli lɛ, tsofai ni akɛwoɔ ŋmɔ mli kɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ eha ŋmɔshi nibii ni jɛɔ okwaayeli mli nibii ni jeee nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ amli lɛ etee hiɛ (Pingali, 2012; Duttagupta kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020). Aaafee 55% (hectares 85,722,000) yɛ ŋmɔshi nibii fɛɛ ni yɔɔ India lɛ mli lɛ, akɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi lɛ tsuɔ nii. Yɛ afii enumɔ ni eho lɛ mli (2015–2020), India okwaayeli nitsumɔhe lɛ kɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi ni feɔ kooloi lɛ tɔn 55,000 kɛyashi 60,000 etsu nii daa afi (Nitsumɔhe ni Kwɛɔ Nitsumɔi kɛ Okwaafoi Ahilɛ-kɛhamɔ nɔ, Okwaafoi anitsumɔhe, India Nɔyeli lɛ, August 2020). Yɛ Gangetic kooyigbɛ kɛ teŋgbɛ shikpɔŋ kplanaa lɛ nɔ (maji ni gbɔmɛi kɛ gbɔmɛi babaoo yɔɔ mli lɛ), tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ ŋmɔshi nibii amli lɛ egbɛ eshwã he fɛɛ he, ni tsofai ni gbeɔ kooloi lɛ ji nɔ ni fe fɛɛ. Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) ji tsofa ko ni gbeɔ kooloi ni yɔɔ srɔtoi, ni yɔɔ mlɛo kɛyashi nɔ ni yɔɔ gbeyei waa ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ India okwaayeli mli ni eshɛɔ tɔn 100 kɛyashi 110. Bei pii lɛ, ahɔ̃ɔ lɛ yɛ jarayeli gbɛi Sevin shishi, ni akɛtsuɔ nii koni akɛye kooloi bibii (aphids, la ŋmeii, ŋmeii, ŋmeii, ŋmeii kɛ kponɔgbɛ kooloi krokomɛi babaoo) ni saa ŋmɔshi nibii srɔtoi (ŋmãa, soybean, cotton, aduawai kɛ aduawai) ahe. Nibii bibii komɛi tamɔ tsɛŋemɔ hela ko ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe (NCIB 12042, 12043, C4, C5, C6, C7, tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe XWY-1), Rhodococcus (NCIB 12038), Sphingobacterium spp. Abaanyɛ akɛ (CF06), Burkholderia (C3), Micrococcus kɛ Arthrobacter hu atsu nii ni akɛye tsɛŋemɔ helai krokomɛi anɔ. 100 lɛ baanyɛ afite carbaryl (Larkin kɛ Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu kɛ Chaudhry, 1991; Hayatsu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1999; Swetha kɛ Phale, 2005; Trivedi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017). Atsɔ gbɛ ni carbaryl fiteɔ lɛ nɔ akase babaoo yɛ tsofafeemɔ mli, enzymatic kɛ wala yibii amli yɛ shikpɔŋ ni Pseudomonas sp yɔɔ mli lɛ mli. (Swetha kɛ Phale, 2005; Trivedi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2016) (Mfoniri 3). Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛ nu ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni ekɛfeɔ 1-naphthol, methylamine kɛ carbon dioxide. No sɛɛ lɛ, 1-naphthol lɛ tsakeɔ efeɔ 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene kɛtsɔ 1-naphthol hydroxylase (1-NH) nɔ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, atsakeɔ kɛtsɔɔ carbon gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ nɔ kɛtsɔɔ salicylate kɛ gentisate nɔ. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ helatsɛmɛi komɛi ni fiteɔ carbaryl lɛ tsakeɔ lɛ amɛfeɔ salicylic acid kɛtsɔ catechol ortho ring lɛ mligbalamɔ nɔ (Larkin kɛ Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu kɛ Chaudhry, 1991). Nɔ ni sa kadimɔ ji akɛ, helatsɛmɛi ni fiteɔ naphthalene lɛ tsakeɔ salicylic acid kɛtsɔɔ catechol nɔ, yɛ be mli ni helatsɛmɛi ni fiteɔ carbaryl lɛ sumɔɔ ni amɛtsake salicylic acid kɛtsɔ gentisate gbɛ lɛ nɔ.
Akɛ naphthalenesulfonic acid/disulfonic acid kɛ naphthylaminesulfonic acid nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ baanyɛ atsu nii akɛ teŋgbɛ nibii ni akɛfeɔ azoe tsofai, nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ, nibii ni gbɛɔ eshwaa, kɛ ekrokomɛi. 1994). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, mɛi ni ji Pseudomonas (A3, C22) lɛ anajiaŋdamɔlɔi lɛ jeɔ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli nibii ni tsakeɔ lɛ shishi kɛtsɔ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni sulfonic acid kuu lɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ mli lɛ ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ nɔ shii enyɔ koni ekɛfee dihydrodiol, ni tsakeɔ lɛ ekoŋŋ kɛyaa 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene mli kɛtsɔ etrilon81 kuu lɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ anɔ. 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ ji nɔ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsɔɔ naphthalene gbɛ ni ale waa lɛ nɔ, ni ji, katekɔl loo gentisate gbɛ lɛ nɔ (Mfoniri 4). Atsɔɔ akɛ, abaanyɛ afite aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid kɛ hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic acid kwraa kɛtsɔ bacteria ni akɛfutuɔ nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ anɔ (Nortemann kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1986). Atsɔɔ akɛ kuu lɛ mlinyo kome jieɔ aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid loo hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic acid kɛtsɔ 1,2-dioxygenation nɔ, yɛ be mli ni aminosalicylate loo hydroxysalicylate lɛ jeɔ kpo kɛyaa kusum mli akɛ nɔ ko ni gboɔ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ mli. Naphthalenedisulfonic acid lɛ ji nɔ ko ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi shi enyɛɛɛ efite jogbaŋŋ ni no hewɔ lɛ abaanyɛ atsake kɛtsɔ gbɛi srɔtoi anɔ. Klɛŋklɛŋ tsɔne ni ajieɔ lɛ kpo lɛ baa yɛ be mli ni tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛ sulfonic acid kuu lɛ feɔ tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ; 1981) (Mfoniri 4). Enzymes ni haa naftalene fiteɔ lɛ hu ji nɔ ni haa naphthalen sulfonate lɛ tsakeɔ (Brilon kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1981; Keck kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006).
Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 4. Gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsakeɔ nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ fiteɔ. Yibɔi ni yɔɔ ŋwɛibɔfoi lɛ amli lɛ damɔ shi kɛha enzymes ni haa naphthyl sulfonate lɛ tsakeɔ, ni tamɔ enzymes ni atsɔɔ mli yɛ FIG. 3.
PAHs ni tsiimɔ waaa (LMW-PAHs) lɛ baanyɛ aba shi, amɛsumɔɔɔ nu ni amɛnyɛŋ amɛshwie shi jogbaŋŋ, ni no hewɔ lɛ amɛnyɛŋ amɛfite/fite adebɔɔ mli. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii bibii ni yɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ afee lɛ okside kɛtsɔ molecular oxygen (O2) ni amɛjieɔ lɛ nɔ. Nɛkɛ enzymes nɛɛ titri fata oxidoreductases kuu lɛ he ni ebaanyɛ efee nibii srɔtoi tamɔ aromatik ring ni akɛwoɔ nu mli (mono- loo dihydroxylation), dehydrogenation kɛ aromatik ring ni mli etse. Nibii ni anáa kɛjɛɔ nɛkɛ nifeemɔi nɛɛ amli lɛ yɛ oksideshin shihilɛ ni nɔ kwɔ mli ni amɛtsɔɔ carbon gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ nɔ amɛtsakeɔ amɛhe oya (Phale et al., 2020). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ enzymes ni yɔɔ fitemɔ gbɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ ji nɔ ni anyɛɔ atsuɔ he nii. Enzymes nɛɛ anitsumɔ lɛ baa shi kwraa loo ebɛ sɛɛnamɔ ko kwraa kɛji akɛ akwɛ wala yibii lɛ anɔ yɛ carbon jɛɛhei ni yɔɔ mlɛo tamɔ glucose loo organic acids nɔ. Table 3 lɛ gbala enzymes srɔtoi (ni haa kɔɔyɔɔ mli tseɔ, nu ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, nu ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, oksidase, kɛ ekrokomɛi) ni fata naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ ahe lɛ mli kuku.
Biochemical sui ni kɔɔ enzymes ni haa naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ fiteɔ lɛ ahe.
Radioisotope nikasemɔi (18O2) etsɔɔ akɛ, molecular O2 ni akɛwoɔ aromatic rings mli kɛtsɔ oxygenases nɔ lɛ ji gbɛ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ahaa nɔ ko ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ fitemɔ yaa hiɛ (Hayaishi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1955; Mason kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1955). Oxygen atom kome (O) ni jɛ molecular oxygen (O2) mli ni akɛwoɔ shishi lɛ mli lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛtsɔ monooxygenases ni yɔɔ mli loo ni jɛɔ kponɔgbɛ (ni atsɛɔ lɛ hu akɛ hydroxylases) lɛ nɔ. Oxygen atom kroko hu baa shi ni etsɔɔ nu. Oxygenases ni jɛɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ haa flavin baa shi kɛ NADH loo NADPH, yɛ be mli ni yɛ endomonooxygenases mli lɛ, flavin lɛ baa shi kɛtsɔ shishigbɛ nɔ lɛ nɔ. Hydroxylation shihilɛ lɛ haa nibii sɔrɔtoi baa nibii ni afee lɛ amli. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, salicylate 1-hydroxylase hydroxylase lɛ haa salicylic acid lɛ feɔ C1 he ni eyɔɔ lɛ, ni ehaa catechol feɔ. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, 5-hydroxylase (ni reductase, ferredoxin, kɛ oxygenase subunits yɔɔ mli lɛ) lɛ haa hulutsoo be lɛ feɔ 5-hydroxylase (Yamamoto kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1965).
Dioxygenases lɛ kɛ O2 atom enyɔ woɔ shishigbɛ nibii lɛ amli. Nɔ ni damɔ nibii ni afee lɛ nɔ lɛ, ajaa amɛ mli awoɔ tsɔnei ni haa nu mli tseɔ kɛ tsɔnei ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ amli. Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ tsakeɔ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ewoɔ cis-dihydrodiols (tamɔ, naphthalene) mli, ni egbɛ eshwa helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ ateŋ. Kɛbashi ŋmɛnɛ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli ni yɔɔ ring hydroxylating dioxygenases lɛ baanyɛ adara yɛ ŋwɛi ŋtayaai srɔtoi ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ anɔ, ni aja nɛkɛ ŋtayaai nɛɛ amli akɛ NDO (naphthalene), toluene dioxygenase (TDO, toluene), kɛ biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO, biphenyl). NDO kɛ BPDO fɛɛ baanyɛ aha oksideshin ni ji enyɔ kɛ sɛɛ sɛɛ hydroxylation ni ji polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, nitrotoluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, indole, methylnaphthalene, naphthanethleneth, (Boyd kɛ Sheldrake, 1998; Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020). NDO ji gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni yɔɔ nibii babaoo ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli, nɔ ko ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli, kɛ nɔ ko ni tsuɔ nii yɛ he ko ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (Gibson kɛ Subramanian, 1984; Resnick kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1996). NDO lɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ ji α subunit agbo kɛ β subunit bibioo ko ni ato he gbɛjianɔ yɛ α3β3 gbɛjianɔtoo mli. NDO fata oxygenases weku agbo ko he ni e-α-subunit lɛ yɛ Rieske he [2Fe-2S] kɛ dade ni jeee heme ni yɔɔ nuklea kome mli, ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni NDO lɛ shishigbɛ nibii yɔɔ ha (Parales kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1998). Bei pii lɛ, yɛ nɔ ni haa nɔ ko yaa hiɛ lɛ mli lɛ, ajieɔ ɛlɛktrɔn enyɔ kɛjɛɔ pyridine nucleotide lɛ shibaa mli kɛyaa Fe(II) ion lɛ nɔ yɛ he ni etsuɔ ​​nii yɛ lɛ kɛtsɔ reductase, ferredoxin kɛ Rieske he nɔ. Nibii ni baa shi lɛ haa kɔɔyɔɔ ni haa wala yibii lɛ tsuɔ nii, ni ji nɔ ni he hiaa dani anyɛ atsu nii yɛ shishigbɛ nibii amli lɛ (Ferraro kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2005). Kɛbashi ŋmɛnɛ lɛ, NDO fioo pɛ atsuu he ni ajie amɛhe kpo fitsofitso kɛjɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai srɔtoi amli ni akase gbɛi ni kɛ amɛhe woɔ naphthalene fitemɔ mli lɛ ahe tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nii fitsofitso (Resnick kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1996; Parales kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1998; Karlsson kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2003). Dioxygenases ni gbalaa ŋwɛi ŋta (endo- loo ortho-ŋta ni gbalaa ŋta kɛ exodiol- loo meta-ŋta ni gbala ŋta) tsuɔ nii yɛ hydroxylated aromatic compounds lɛ anɔ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ji katekɔl-1,2-diɔksigena, yɛ be mli ni tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ji tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (Kojima kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1961; Nozaki kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1968). Kɛfata oxygen srɔtoi lɛ ahe lɛ, oxygen srɔtoi hu yɛ ni haa nu ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ, dãai kɛ aldehydes lɛ mli nu lɛ shwieɔ shi ni amɛkɛ NAD+/NADP+ tsuɔ nii akɛ electron he nibii, ni ji enzymes ni he hiaa ni fata gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli nibii ni tsakeɔ lɛ ahe lɛ ekomɛi (Gibson kɛ Subramanian, Sha9ay;99;1; ekrokomɛi, 2020).
Enzymes tamɔ hydrolases (esterases, amidases) ji enzymes akuu ni ji enyɔ ni he hiaa ni kɛ nu tsuɔ nii kɛgbalaa covalent tsakpaai amli ni ejieɔ nɔ ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ lɛ mli srɔtofeemɔ kpo. Asusuɔ akɛ Carbaryl hydrolase kɛ hydrolases krokomɛi ji nibii ni yɔɔ periplasm (transmembrane) lɛ mli yɛ Gram-negative bacteria lɛ mli bii amli (Kamini kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2018). Carbaryl yɛ amide kɛ ester tsakpaa fɛɛ; no hewɔ lɛ, abaanyɛ atsɔ esterase loo amidase nɔ afee lɛ nu ni efee 1-naphthol. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ Carbaryl ni yɔɔ rhizobium rhizobium AC10023 kɛ Arthrobacter RC100 mli lɛ tsuɔ nii akɛ esterase kɛ amidase, yɛ amɛteŋ. Carbaryl ni yɔɔ RC100 mli lɛ hu tsuɔ nii akɛ amidase. RC100 lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ ehaa N-methylcarbamate klas mli tsofai ejwɛ ni gbeɔ kooloi tamɔ carbaryl, methomyl, mefenamic acid kɛ XMC lɛ feɔ nu (Hayaatsu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2001). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ CH ni yɔɔ Pseudomonas sp. C5pp baanyɛ atsu nii yɛ carbaryl (nitsumɔ 100%) kɛ 1-naphthyl acetate (36% nitsumɔ) nɔ, shi jeee yɛ 1-naphthylacetamide nɔ, ni tsɔɔ akɛ eji esterase (Trivedi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2016).
Biochemical nikasemɔi, enzyme mlai ahe gbɛjianɔtoo, kɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai amlipɛimɔ etsɔɔ akɛ naphthalene fitemɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ yɛ mlai enyɔ ni anyɛɛɛ atsu he nii loo “operons”: nah (“gbɛ ni yaa ŋwɛi”, ni tsakeɔ naphthalene kɛyaa salicylic carbon mli) kɛ sal (“gbɛ ni yaa shishi kɛyaa cacholi mli lɛ mli”, ni tsakeɔ sa kɛtsɔɔ cacholi ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ nɔ). 1974 mli lɛ, mɛi ni kɛ amɛhe woɔ nibii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ atsu nii akɛ nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (Shamsuzzaman kɛ Barnsley, 1974). Kɛji akɛ glucose loo organic acid yɛ lɛ, operon lɛ tsiɔ ehe naa. Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 5 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni naphthalene fitemɔ he gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ yeɔ emuu (yɛ operon gbɛ nɔ). Atsɔɔ gbɛi sɔrɔtoi/henɔi ni yɔɔ nah tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ mli (ndo/pah/dox) lɛ mli ni ana akɛ eyɛ sɛɛkuu-kɛsaramɔ ni nɔ kwɔ (90%) yɛ Pseudomonas tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ fɛɛ ateŋ (Abbasian kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2016). Ato naphthalene ŋwɛi gbɛ lɛ mli wala yibii lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ yɛ gbɛ ni mɛi fɛɛ kpɛlɛɔ nɔ taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 5A lɛ mli lɛ. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, tsɛŋemɔ hela kroko ni ji nahQ lɛ hu kɛ ehe woɔ naphthalene tsakemɔ mli ni bei pii lɛ eyɛ nahC kɛ nahE teŋ, shi esa akɛ atsɔɔ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii diɛŋtsɛ ehaa lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ. Nakai nɔŋŋ hu, ana nahY tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ yɛ nah operon lɛ naagbee ni yɔɔ shɔŋŋ lɛ mli yɛ emli bii lɛ ekomɛi amli. Yɛ Ralstonia sp. lɛ mli lɛ, ana akɛ U2 tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ yɛ nahAa kɛ nahAb teŋ shi enaaa naphthalene ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ sui lɛ anɔ hewalɛ (Zylstra kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1997).
Mfoniri 5. Genetic gbɛjianɔtoo kɛ srɔtofeemɔ ni ana yɛ naphthalene fitemɔ be mli yɛ bacteria henɔi ateŋ; (A) Naftalin gbɛ ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ, naftalin lɛ tsakemɔ kɛmiiya salicylic acid mli; (B) Naphthalene gbɛ ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ lɛ, salicylic acid kɛtsɔ katechol nɔ kɛyaa carbon gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ nɔ; (C) salicylic acid kɛtsɔ gentisate nɔ kɛyaa carbon gbɛ lɛ teŋgbɛ.
“Gbɛ ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ” (sal operon) lɛ ji nɔ ni nahGTHINLMOKJ yɔɔ mli ni etsakeɔ salicylate kɛyaa pyruvate kɛ acetaldehyde mli kɛtsɔɔ katekɔl mligbalamɔ gbɛ lɛ nɔ. Ana akɛ nahG tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ (ni kɛ salicylate hydroxylase woɔ mli lɛ) lɛ to operon lɛ naagbee ni bɛŋkɛ lɛ he (Mfoniri 5B). Kɛ akɛto naphthalene ni fiteɔ nii krokomɛi ahe lɛ, yɛ P. putida CSV86 mli lɛ, nah kɛ sal operons lɛ ji nɔ kome ni amɛbɛŋkɛ amɛhe kpaakpa (aaafee 7.5 kb). Yɛ Gram-nibii ni bɛ mli lɛ ekomɛi amli, tamɔ Ralstonia sp. U2, Polaromonas naphthaleniwans CJ2, kɛ P. putida AK5, naftalene lɛ ji nɔ ni atsakeɔ akɛ carbon ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ kɛtsɔɔ gentisate gbɛ lɛ nɔ (yɛ sgp/nag operon lɛ gbɛ nɔ). Akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe kasɛt lɛ damɔ shi kɛha nagAaGHAbAcAdBFCQEDJI, he ni nagR (ni kɛ LysR-type regulator ko woɔ mli) lɛ yɔɔ ŋwɛi naagbee lɛ (Mfoniri 5C).
Carbaryl boteɔ carbon sɛɛkuu lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, salicylic acid, kɛ gentisic acid ni tsakeɔ amɛhe lɛ nɔ (Mfoniri 3). Kɛtsɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ nibii kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ ahe nikasemɔ nɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ abaaja gbɛ nɛɛ mli awo “ŋwɛi” (carbaryl tsakemɔ kɛmiiya salicylic acid mli), “teŋgbɛ” (salicylic acid tsakemɔ kɛmiiya gentisic acid mli), kɛ “shishigbɛ” (gentisic acid tsakemɔ kɛmiiya carbon gbɛ lɛ teŋgbɛ nibii amli) (Singh kɛ ekrokomɛi, 23 . C5pp (supercontig A, 76.3 kb) lɛ mlipɛimɔ tsɔɔ akɛ mcbACBDEF tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ kɛ ehe woɔ carbaryl tsakemɔ kɛyaa salicylic acid mli, ni mcbIJKL nyiɛɔ sɛɛ yɛ salicylic acid tsakemɔ kɛyaa gentisic acid mli, kɛ mcbOQP ni ji interfumasic acid tsakemɔ kɛyaa gentisic acid mli lɛ mli. 2016) (Mfoniri 6).
Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, enzymes ni kɛ amɛhe woɔ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii amli lɛ afitemɔ mli (ni naphthalene kɛ salicylic acid fata he) lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ ŋmeii ni kɛ amɛhe kpãa gbee lɛ amli aba, ni ŋmeii ni yɔɔ mlɛo tamɔ glucose loo nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ atsĩ amɛnaa (Shingler, 2003; Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2029). Yɛ gbɛi srɔtoi ni naphthalene kɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ tsɔɔ nɔ amɛtsakeɔ amɛhe lɛ ateŋ lɛ, akase bɔ ni naphthalene kɛ carbaryl kudɔɔ nii lɛ he nii kɛyashɛ he ko. Kɛha naphthalene lɛ, NahR, ni ji LysR-type ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ kudɔɔ wala yibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi kɛ shishigbɛ lɛ fɛɛ. Ehe miihia kɛha nah tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ mlibotemɔ kɛtsɔ salicylic acid nɔ kɛ esɛɛ tsɔɔmɔ ni nɔ kwɔ ni nyiɛɔ sɛɛ (Yen kɛ Gunsalus, 1982). Agbɛnɛ hu, nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, nɔ ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (IHF) kɛ XylR (sigma 54-ni damɔ niŋmaa nɔ lɛ) hu he hiaa waa kɛha niŋmaa nitsumɔ ni kɔɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ naphthalene mli lɛ ahe (Ramos et al., 1997). Nibii amlipɛimɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, tsɔnei ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ, ni ji tsɔne ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ, ji nɔ ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli yɛ naphthalene kɛ/loo salicylic acid ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ mli (Basu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006). 1,2-dioxygenase lɛ, ji nɔ ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli yɛ benzoic acid kɛ cis,cis-muconate (Parsek kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1994; Tover kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2001) lɛ mli.
Yɛ C5pp mli lɛ, tsɛŋemɔ helai enumɔ, mcbG, mcbH, mcbN, mcbR kɛ mcbS, kɛ tsɔnei ni kudɔɔ nibii ni fata LysR/TetR weku ni ji niŋmaa he tsɔnei ni kudɔɔ carbaryl fitemɔ lɛ he lɛ woɔ mli. Ana akɛ mcbG ni ji tsɛŋemɔ hela ni ji tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ bɛŋkɛ kpaakpa kɛ LysR-henɔ ni kwɛɔ nibii anɔ lɛ PhnS (58% amino acid kadimɔ) ni fata tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ he yɛ Burkholderia RP00725 (Trivedi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2016) lɛ mli. Ana akɛ mcbH tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ fata gbɛ ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ he (salicylic acid tsakemɔ kɛmiiya gentisic acid mli) ni efata LysR-nɔ̃ niŋmaa he gbɛjianɔtolɔ NagR/DntR/NahR ni yɔɔ Pseudomonas kɛ Burkholderia lɛ he. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ weku nɛɛ mli bii lɛ yɔseɔ salicylic acid akɛ eji nɔ ko pɔtɛɛ ni haa wala yibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ baa. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, ana tsɛŋemɔ helai etɛ, mcbN, mcbR kɛ mcbS, ni fata LysR kɛ TetR henɔ niŋmaa he gbɛjianɔtolɔi lɛ ahe lɛ yɛ gbɛ ni tsɔɔ shishigbɛ lɛ nɔ (gentisate-central carbon gbɛ nɔ nibii ni tsakeɔ nii).
Yɛ prokaryotes mli lɛ, wala yibii ni akɛyaa he kroko (nine shɛɔ nɔ, tsakemɔ, loo tsakemɔ) kɛtsɔ plasmids, transposons, prophages, genomic ŋshɔkpɔi, kɛ nibii ni feɔ ekome (ICE) ji nɔ titri ni kɛ plasticity baa bacteria genomes mli, ni kɛ nitsumɔi/sui pɔtɛɛ komɛi ni anáa loo laajemɔ baa. Ehaa helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ nyɛɔ amɛtsakeɔ amɛhe oya kɛyaa shihilɛi srɔtoi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ amli, ni ehaa sɛɛnamɔi ni baanyɛ aba yɛ amɛmli tsakemɔi amli lɛ haa gbɔ lɛ, tamɔ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ afitemɔ. Bei pii lɛ, anáa tsakemɔi ni baa gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli lɛ nɔ kɛtsɔ operons ni fiteɔ nii lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔtoo kpakpa nɔ, amɛ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ, kɛ enzyme lɛ mli nibii pɔtɛɛi, ni haa nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ babaoo fiteɔ lɛ feɔ mlɛo (Nojiri kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2004; Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019, 2020). Ana akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe kasɛt ni akɛfiteɔ naphthalene lɛ yɛ nibii srɔtoi ni nyiɛɔ tamɔ plasmids (ni kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee kɛ nɔ ni kɛ amɛhe kpaaa gbee), transposons, genomes, ICEs, kɛ bacteria henɔi srɔtoi ni akɛfee ekome lɛ anɔ (Mfoniri 5). Yɛ Pseudomonas G7 lɛ mli lɛ, aŋmalaa nah kɛ sal operons ni yɔɔ plasmid NAH7 lɛ mli lɛ yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ ni amɛji transposon ni bɛ hewalɛ ni biɔ transposose Tn4653 kɛha nitsumɔ (Sota kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006) lɛ fã. Yɛ Pseudomonas NCIB9816-4 lɛ mli lɛ, ana tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ yɛ pDTG1 ni ji tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ nɔ akɛ operons enyɔ (aaafee 15 kb kɛjɛ amɛhe) ni aŋmala ashwie shi yɛ gbɛi ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe nɔ (Dennis kɛ Zylstra, 2004). Yɛ Pseudomonas putida AK5 mli lɛ, plasmid ni jeee pAK5 lɛ tsɔɔ enzyme ni haa naphthalene fiteɔ lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ gentisate gbɛ lɛ nɔ (Izmalkova kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2013). Yɛ Pseudomonas tsɛŋemɔ hela ni ji PMD-1 lɛ mli lɛ, nah nitsumɔ lɛ yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ nɔ, yɛ be mli ni sal nitsumɔ lɛ yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela ni ji pMWD-1 lɛ nɔ (Zuniga kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1981). Shi, yɛ Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10 lɛ mli lɛ, naphthalene fitemɔ mli nibii fɛɛ (nah kɛ sal operons) yɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ anɔ ni eeenyɛ efee akɛ aŋɔ amɛ kɛtsɔ tsakemɔ, sɛɛkuu, kɛ sɛɛkuu nifeemɔi anɔ (Bosch kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2000). Yɛ Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, ni ji nah kɛ sal nitsumɔi lɛ yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ mli yɛ ICE (ICECSV86) su mli. tRNAGly buɔ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ he ni sɛɛkuu-kɛsaramɔi ni tsɔɔ sɛɛkuu-kɛsaramɔ hei (attR kɛ attL) kɛ integrase ni tamɔ phage ni yɔɔ tRNAGly lɛ naagbeehei enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ lɛ nyiɛɔ sɛɛ, no hewɔ lɛ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ tamɔ ICEclc nibii lɛ (ICEclcB13 yɛ Pseudomusiichomonas knack knack mli). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, abaanyɛ ajie tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ ICE lɛ nɔ lɛ kɛtsɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni baa shi waa lɛ nɔ (10-8), ni no haa ajieɔ nibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ kɛyaa mɔ ni nine shɛɔ nɔ lɛ nɔ (Basu kɛ Phale, 2008; Phale kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019).
Nibii ni haa carbaryl fiteɔ lɛ ateŋ babaoo yɛ plasmids lɛ anɔ. Artrobaktɛ sp. RC100 lɛ mli plasmid etɛ (pRC1, pRC2 kɛ pRC300) ni plasmid enyɔ ni kɛ amɛhe feɔ ekome, pRC1 kɛ pRC2, lɛ woɔ enzymes ni tsakeɔ carbaryl kɛfeɔ gentisate lɛ mli. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, enzymes ni fata gentisate tsakemɔ kɛmiiya carbon ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ he lɛ yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ nɔ (Hayaatsu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1999). Muawai ni jɛ Rhizobium mli. 100 AC100, ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛtsakeɔ carbaryl kɛyaa 1-naphthol mli lɛ, plasmid pAC200 yɔɔ mli, ni hiɛ cehA tsɛŋemɔ hela ni kɛ CH woɔ mli lɛ akɛ Tnceh transposon lɛ fã ni nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ tamɔ nɔ ni nyiɛɔ sɛɛ (istA kɛ istB) ebɔle ehe lɛ (Hashimoto kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2020). Yɛ Sphingomonas henɔ ni ji CF06 lɛ mli lɛ, aheɔ ayeɔ akɛ carbaryl fitemɔ mli wala yibii lɛ yɛ plasmid enumɔ mli: pCF01, pCF02, pCF03, pCF04, kɛ pCF05. DNA homology ni yɔɔ plasmid nɛɛ mli lɛ fa babaoo, ni tsɔɔ akɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ he feɔ shoo lɛ yɛ (Feng et al., 1997). Yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe ni Pseudomonas henɔi enyɔ yɔɔ mli lɛ mli lɛ, tsɛŋemɔ hela ni ji 50581 lɛ hiɛ plasmid pCD1 (50 kb) ni kɛ mcd carbaryl hydrolase tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ woɔ mli, yɛ be mli ni tsɛŋemɔ hela ni yɔɔ tsɛŋemɔ hela 50552 mli lɛ kɛ 1- 1991 mli). Yɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela ko ni ji WM111 lɛ mli lɛ, mcd furadan hydrolase tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ yɛ 100 kb plasmid (pPDL11) nɔ. Atsɔɔ akɛ nɛkɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela nɛɛ yɛ plasmid sɔrɔtoi (100, 105, 115 loo 124 kb) nɔ yɛ bacteria sɔrɔtoi ni jɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ hei srɔtoi amli (Parekh et al., 1995). Yɛ Pseudomonas sp. C5pp, tsɛŋemɔ helai fɛɛ ni haa carbaryl fiteɔ lɛ yɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni feɔ 76.3 kb ni nyiɛɔ sɛɛ (Trivedi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2016). Mb mlipɛimɔ (6.15 Mb) jie MGEs 42 kɛ GEIs 36 ni yɔɔ lɛ kpo, ni MGEs 17 yɛ supercontig A (76.3 kb) mli ni G+C mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ mlijaa (54–60 mol%), ni tsɔɔ akɛ ebaanyɛ eba akɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ yaa nɔ (al6T). P. putida XWY-1 jieɔ gbɛjianɔtoo ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ ni kɔɔ carbaryl-ni fiteɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe lɛ kpo, shi nɛkɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai nɛɛ yɛ plasmid ko nɔ (Zhu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019).
Kɛfata bɔ ni tsofai ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ tsofafeemɔ mli kɛ genomic mli lɛ he lɛ, nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ hu jieɔ nibii krokomɛi loo hetooi tamɔ chemotaxis, wala yibii lɛ anɔ tsakemɔ nibii, fãi amli fãi, nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ, nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ, kɛ ekrokomɛi, ni yeɔ ebuaa amɛ ni amɛtsakeɔ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ jogbaŋŋ (Fig7).
Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 7. Gbɛi srɔtoi ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni ji aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛha maŋsɛɛ nibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ ahe nitsumɔ.
Abuɔ chemotactic hetooi akɛ nibii ni haa nibii ni fiteɔ nii yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli lɛ afitemɔ yaa hiɛ. (2002) tsɔɔ akɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe ni ji Pseudomonas sp. G7 kɛyashi naphthalene lɛ ha naphthalene ni fiteɔ yɛ nu mli nibii amli lɛ tee hiɛ. G7 ni yɔɔ koo mli lɛ fiteɔ naphthalene oya fe tsofa ni tsakeɔ ni bɛ chemotaxis lɛ. Ana akɛ NahY protein (amino acids 538 ni yɔɔ membrane topology) lɛ kɛ metacleavage gbɛ nɔ wala yibii ni yɔɔ NAH7 plasmid lɛ nɔ lɛ fata he, ni tamɔ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni tsofai nɛɛ tsuɔ nii akɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe kɛha naphthalene fitemɔ (Grimm kɛ Harwood 1997). Nikasemɔ kroko ni Hansel kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ. (2009) tsɔɔ akɛ protein lɛ ji chemotactic, shi bɔ ni efiteɔ ehaa lɛ fa babaoo. (2011) tsɔɔ bɔ ni Pseudomonas (P. putida) lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ naphthalene ni yɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli lɛ mli, ni kɔɔyɔɔ mli fã ni gbɛɔ eshwaa lɛ haa naphthalene lɛ hoɔ oyayaayai kɛyaa wala yibii lɛ amli, ni no kudɔɔ bɔ ni wala yibii lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ. Nibii amlitaolɔi lɛ kɛ nɛkɛ tsofafeemɔ su nɛɛ tsu nii ni amɛkɛfee nibii bibii ni baaha nibii ni fiteɔ lɛ aya hiɛ. Nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ chemosensory gbɛi lɛ hu kudɔɔ wala yibii nitsumɔi krokomɛi tamɔ wala yibii amlijaa, wala yibii asɛɛkuu, kɛ biofilm feemɔ, ni no yeɔ ebuaa ni akudɔɔ bɔ ni wala yibii lɛ fiteɔ amɛhaa lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ (chemotaxis) ni akɛtsuɔ nii koni akɛfite nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ ji nɔ ni tsiɔ nibii babaoo anaa. Naagbai wuji ji: (a) paralogous receptors sɔrɔtoi lɛ yɔseɔ nibii ni feɔ ekome/ligands lɛ nɔŋŋ; (b) nibii krokomɛi ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni yɔɔ, ni ji, hewalɛ tropism; (c) srɔtofeemɔi ni he hiaa ni yɔɔ sɛɛkuu mli yɛ henumɔi ahe nibii ni yɔɔ sɛɛkuu weku kome mli lɛ mli; kɛ (d) saji ni kɔɔ helai ni haa mɔ nuɔ he lɛ ahe lɛ ni bɛ (Ortega kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017; Martin-Mora kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2018). Bei komɛi lɛ, hydrocarbons ni ŋɔɔ lɛ mli nibii ni fiteɔ lɛ haa nibii babaoo ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ baa, ni baanyɛ afee chemotactic kɛha bacteria kuu kome shi eji nɔ ni teɔ shi ewoɔ ekrokomɛi, ni ehaa nifeemɔ lɛ feɔ nɔ ni wa fe tsutsu lɛ. Kɛji akɛ wɔmiitao wɔle bɔ ni ligands (ni ji tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ) kɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ, wɔfee nibii ni haa mɔ nuɔ nii ahe (PcaY, McfR, kɛ NahY) kɛtsɔ nibii ni haa mɔ nuɔ nii ahe kɛ okadii ni ji Pseudomonas putida kɛ Escherichia coli, ni kɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli, TCA naal, kɛ intermedia lɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ nɔ. 2019).
Yɛ naphthalene kɛ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) krokomɛi ahewalɛ shishi lɛ, bɔ ni helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ yɔɔ ha kɛ bɔ ni helai bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ yeɔ emuu lɛ tsakeɔ waa. Nibii amlitaomɔi etsɔɔ akɛ naphthalene tsiɔ acyl chain lɛ nitsumɔ naa kɛtsɔɔ hydrophobic nifeemɔi anɔ, ni no haa tsɔne lɛ mli fũu kɛ nu ni hoɔ lɛ yaa hiɛ (Sikkema et al., 1995). Kɛha nɛkɛ naagba ni yeɔ mɔ awui nɛɛ naatsii lɛ, helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ kudɔɔ tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛtsɔ tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mli lɛ tsakemɔ nɔ, ni etsakeɔ tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni ji cis-unsaturated fatty acid lɛ mli kɛyaa trans-isomers ni kɛ amɛhe kpãa gbee lɛ amli (Heipieper kɛ de Bont, 1994). Yɛ Pseudomonas stutzeri ni akwɛɔ nɔ yɛ naphthalene tsofafeemɔ nɔ lɛ mli lɛ, fɔmɔ nii ni eyi obɔ kɛ fɔmɔ nii ni bɛ mli lɛ mlijaa tee hiɛ kɛjɛ 1.1 kɛtee 2.1, yɛ be mli ni yɛ Pseudomonas JS150 mli lɛ, nɛkɛ mlijaa nɛɛ tee hiɛ kɛjɛ 7.5 kɛtee 12.0 (Mrozik kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2004). Kɛji akɛ akwɛ yɛ naphthalene nɔ lɛ, Achromobacter KAs 3–5 wala yibii lɛ jieɔ wala yibii ni abua naa yɛ naphthalene kristalo lɛ he lɛ kpo kɛ wala yibii lɛ anɔ charge ni baa shi (kɛjɛ -22.5 kɛyashi -2.5 mV) ni cytoplasma mli nibii ni shwieɔ shi kɛ wala yibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ amli lɛ fataa he, ni tsɔɔ tsakemɔi ni baa wala yibii lɛ anɔ. 2019). Eyɛ mli akɛ tsakemɔi ni baa wala yibii/shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ kɛ muji ni mli edɔ ni anáa lɛ yeɔ tsakpaa tɛ̃ɛ moŋ, shi afeee bioengineering gbɛi ni sa lɛ jogbaŋŋ. Akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ tsuuu nii tsɔ koni akɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ aya hiɛ (Volke kɛ Nikel, 2018). Genes ni saa wala yibii amlijaa he lɛ ni ajieɔ lɛ kɛ tsakemɔi baa wala yibii lɛ amli. Genes ni saa wala yibii amlijaa he lɛ ni ajieɔ lɛ kɛ tsakemɔi baa wala yibii lɛ amli. Yɛ Bacillus subtilis mli lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ wala yibii amli septum protein SepF lɛ kɛ ehe woɔ septum feemɔ mli ni ehe hiaa yɛ wala yibii amlijaa ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli, shi jeee wala yibii ni he hiaa waa ji no. Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ Bacillus subtilis mli lɛ haa wala yibii lɛ sɛɛ tsɛɔ, ni ehaa shweremɔ pɔtɛɛ ko yaa hiɛ, ni enzyme lɛ feemɔ he nyɛmɔ lɛ yaa hiɛ (Cui kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2018).
Akɛ carbaryl fitemɔ gbɛ lɛ mligbalamɔ etsɔɔ koni anyɛ afite Pseudomonas henɔi ni ji C5pp kɛ C7 lɛ jogbaŋŋ (Kamini kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2018). Akɛɔ akɛ, akɛ carbaryl yaa periplasmic he lɛ kɛtsɔɔ kponɔgbɛ fã ni ji septum lɛ nɔ kɛ/loo kɛtsɔ porins ni gbɛɔ eshwaa lɛ nɔ. CH ji periplasmic enzyme ni haa carbaryl lɛ mli nu lɛ feɔ 1-naphthol, ni ji nɔ ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ, ni nyɛɛɛ nu abote mli, ni eyɛ awui babaoo. CH lɛ yɛ periplasm lɛ mli ni eyɛ affinity ni baa shi kɛha carbaryl, ni no hewɔ lɛ ekwɛɔ 1-naphthol lɛ feemɔ nɔ, ni no haaa ebua ehe naa yɛ wala yibii amli ni ehaa e-toxicity ni eyɔɔ kɛha wala yibii lɛ baa shi (Kamini et al., 2018). Akɛ 1-naphthol ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ yaa cytoplasm lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ mligbɛ fã lɛ mli kɛtsɔ mligbalamɔ kɛ/loo gbɛfaŋnɔ nɔ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, enzyme 1NH ni yɔɔ sɛɛgbɛ ni nɔ kwɔ lɛ haa hydroxylated kɛyaa 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene mli koni ekɛtsake nii yɛ carbon gbɛ lɛ teŋgbɛ.
Eyɛ mli akɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ yɛ wala yibii kɛ nibii ni tsakeɔ amɛhe lɛ ahe nyɛmɔ ni amɛkɛfiteɔ xenobiotic carbon jɛɛhei lɛ moŋ, shi bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa lɛ (ni ji, nibii ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni akɛtsuɔ nii fe carbon jɛɛhei ni wa) lɛ ji gbɛtsii nii wulu ko kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ afitemɔ. Carbon jɛɛhei ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni yɔɔ kɛ nitsumɔ lɛ haa enzymes ni fiteɔ carbon jɛɛhei ni wa/ni asumɔɔɔ tamɔ PAHs lɛ baa shi. Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ko ni akase jogbaŋŋ ji akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ glucose kɛ lactose fata Escherichia coli lɛ he lɛ, glucose tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ fe lactose (Jacob kɛ Monod, 1965). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ Pseudomonas fiteɔ PAHs srɔtoi kɛ xenobiotic nibii akɛ carbon jɛɛhei. 1972; Collier kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1996). Shi kɛlɛ, nɔ ko yɛ ni jeɔ kpo. Nɔ ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ ji akɛ, Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 jieɔ gbɛjianɔtoo krɛdɛɛ ko ni tsɔɔ akɛ ekɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (benzoic acid, naphthalene, kɛ ekrokomɛi) tsuɔ nii fe glucose ni ekɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii (Basu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006). Yɛ helatsɛmɛi nɛɛ amli lɛ, wala yibii ni haa hydrocarbons ni ŋɔɔ lɛ fiteɔ kɛ amɛyaa lɛ baaa shi yɛ carbon jɛɛhe ni ji enyɔ tamɔ glucose loo organic acids po ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ mli. Beni akwɛɔ glucose kɛ aromatic hydrocarbons mli lɛ, ana akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni haa glucose lɛ yaa kɛ nibii ni tsakeɔ lɛ baa shi, akɛ aromatik hydrocarbons tsu nii yɛ klɛŋklɛŋ log fã lɛ mli, ni akɛ glucose tsu nii yɛ log fã ni ji enyɔ lɛ mli (Basu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2006, Choudhary et al.271). Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni yɔɔ mli lɛ ni yɔɔ lɛ enaaa bɔ ni aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism lɛ jieɔ ehe kpo ehaa lɛ nɔ hewalɛ, no hewɔ lɛ, akwɛɔ gbɛ akɛ nɛkɛ helatsɛ nɛɛ baafee nɔ ko ni abaanyɛ ahala kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nikasemɔi (Phale et al., 2020).
Ale jogbaŋŋ akɛ hydrocarbon wala tsakemɔ baanyɛ aha oksidetiv haomɔ kɛ oksidetiv enzymes ni yaa hiɛ yɛ nibii bibii amli lɛ aba. Naphthalene ni tsuuu nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ mli nibii ni fiteɔ yɛ fã ni damɔ shi shiŋŋ lɛ mli kɛ nibii ni yɔɔ gbeyei ni yɔɔ mli lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ haa wala yibii ni haa wala yibii tsuɔ nii (ROS) lɛ baa (Kang kɛ ekrokomɛi 2006). Akɛni dade-sulfur kui yɛ enzymes ni fiteɔ naphthalene lɛ hewɔ lɛ, yɛ oksidetiv nɔnyɛɛ shishi lɛ, dade ni yɔɔ heme kɛ dade-sulfur protein lɛ mli lɛ baatsɔ okside, ni no baaha protein lɛ akatsu nii. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (Fpr), kɛ superoxide dismutase (SOD) lɛ, yeɔ ebuaa redox nifeemɔ ni baanyɛ aku sɛɛ aba yɛ NADP+/NADPH kɛ ferredoxin loo flavodoxin mli nibii enyɔ ateŋ lɛ, ni no haa ROS lɛ shwieɔ shi ni ehaa dade-sulfur teŋgbɛ lɛ baa ekoŋŋ yɛ oxidative haomɔ shishi (Li et66). Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ Fpr kɛ SodA (SOD) fɛɛ ni yɔɔ Pseudomonas mli lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ tsɔne ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ mli aba, ni ana SOD kɛ catalase nitsumɔi ni yaa hiɛ yɛ Pseudomonas henɔi ejwɛ (O1, W1, As1, kɛ G1) mli yɛ be mli ni amɛdaraa yɛ shihilɛi ni akɛ naphthalene fata he lɛ shishi (K0). Nibii amlitaomɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai tamɔ ascorbic acid loo ferrous iron (Fe2+) fata he lɛ, ebaanyɛ eha naphthalene lɛ aya hiɛ. Beni Rhodococcus erythropolis lɛ da yɛ naphthalene mli lɛ, tsɛŋemɔ hela ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ mli tsɛŋemɔ helai ni ji sodA (Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase), sodC (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase), kɛ recA fata he lɛ aŋmalamɔ tee hiɛ (Sazykin kɛ ekrokomɛi, 201). Nibii ni akɛtoɔ Pseudomonas mli wala yibii ni akwɛɔ nɔ yɛ naphthalene mli lɛ ahe lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, protein srɔtoi ni kɛ oxidative haomɔ hetoo lɛ baa lɛ ji gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akpeeɔ haomɔ naa (Herbst kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2013).
Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ feɔ biosurfactants yɛ hydrophobic carbon jɛɛhei lɛ anitsumɔ shishi. Nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ ji amphiphilic nibii ni tsuɔ nii ni baanyɛ afee aggregates yɛ mu-nu loo kɔɔyɔɔ-nu teŋ. Enɛ haa pseudo-solubilization yaa hiɛ ni ehaa hydrocarbons ni ŋɔɔ lɛ shwieɔ shi, ni no haa wala yibii lɛ fiteɔ jogbaŋŋ (Rahman kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2002). Yɛ nɛkɛ nibii nɛɛ ahewɔ lɛ, akɛ biosurfactants tsuɔ nii babaoo yɛ nitsumɔhei srɔtoi. Tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ loo nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni akɛfataa helatsɛmɛi akusum nifeemɔi ahe lɛ baanyɛ aha hydrocarbon lɛ fitemɔ aya hiɛ jogbaŋŋ. Yɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ateŋ lɛ, akase rhamnolipids ni Pseudomonas aeruginosa feɔ lɛ babaoo ni atsɔɔ bɔ ni eyɔɔ ha (Hisatsuka kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1971; Rahman kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2002). Kɛfata he lɛ, nibii krokomɛi ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ ekomɛi ji lipopeptides (mucins ni jɛɔ Pseudomonas fluorescens mli), emulsifier 378 (ni jɛɔ Pseudomonas fluorescens mli) (Rosenberg kɛ Ron, 1999), trehalose disaccharide lipids ni jɛ Rhodococcus (Ramdah99), kɛ Hallberg, 2002), kɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ ŋwɛi ŋtayaa mli (Siegmund kɛ Wagner, 1991) kɛ ŋtayaai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (Zhi kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017). Atsɔɔ akɛ nɛkɛ nibii ni yɔɔ hewalɛ nɛɛ haa ŋwɛi ŋta lɛ baa shi kɛjɛɔ 72 dynes/cm kɛyaa nɔ ni shɛɛɛ 30 dynes/cm, ni no haa hydrocarbon lɛ shwieɔ shi jogbaŋŋ. Abɔ amaniɛ akɛ, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia kɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai krokomɛi baanyɛ afee rhamnolipid kɛ glycolipid nibii srɔtoi ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ kɛji akɛ akwɛ amɛ yɛ naphthalene kɛ methylnaphthalene media mli (Kanga kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1997., Puntus20). 1995 mli lɛ, tsɛŋemɔ hela ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ Pseudomonas maltophilia CSV89 lɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ko ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni atsɛɔ lɛ Biosur-Pm lɛ. Biosur-Pm feemɔ lɛ mli kinetics lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ e-synthesis lɛ ji nɔ ko ni damɔ dalɛ- kɛ pH- nɔ. Ana akɛ Biosur-Pm ni wala yibii lɛ feɔ yɛ pH ni bɛ mli lɛ mli lɛ fa fe nɔ ni yɔɔ pH 8.5 lɛ. Wala yibii ni dara yɛ pH 8.5 lɛ sumɔɔɔ nu ni amɛyɛ suɔmɔ ni nɔ kwɔ kɛha aromatic kɛ aliphatic nibii fe wala yibii ni dara yɛ pH 7.0. Yɛ Rodokoku spp. N6, carbon kɛ nitrogen (C:N) ni fa babaoo kɛ dade ni faaa lɛ ji shihilɛi ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ afeemɔ (Mutalik kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2008). Abɔ mɔdɛŋ koni aha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ afee nɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ (surfactins) kɛtsɔ ŋmeii kɛ ŋmeii ni afee lɛ jogbaŋŋ lɛ nɔ. Shi, titer ni ji surfactant ni yɔɔ kusum mli lɛ faaa (1.0 g/L), ni no kɛ kaa baa kɛha nibii babaoo ni afeɔ lɛ (Jiao kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017; Wu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019). No hewɔ lɛ, akɛ wala yibii ahe nilee gbɛi etsu nii koni akɛha e-biosynthesis lɛ aya hiɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, etsɔnefeemɔ tsakemɔ lɛ wa yɛ operon lɛ dalɛ (∼25 kb) kɛ biosynthetic mla ni mli wa ni kɔɔ quorum henumɔ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ he lɛ hewɔ (Jiao kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2017; Wu kɛ ekrokomɛi, 2019). Afee tsakemɔi babaoo yɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nilee mli yɛ Bacillus helatsɛmɛi amli, ni yiŋtoo titri ji ni aha surfactin nifeemɔ aya hiɛ kɛtsɔ nɔ ni tsiɔ nii anaa lɛ (srfA operon) lɛ najiaŋdamɔlɔ nɔ, ni ajieɔ surfactin ni akɛyaa maŋsɛɛ protein YerP kɛ nibii ni kudɔɔ nii ni ji ComX kɛ PhrC lɛ kpo fe nine (Jiao et al., 201). Shi kɛlɛ, nɛkɛ wala yibii ahe nilee gbɛi nɛɛ ená wala yibii amli tsakemɔ kome loo fioo pɛ ni eshɛko jarayeli nitsumɔ he lolo. No hewɔ lɛ, ehe miihia ni akase gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ ahe nii babaoo.
Afeɔ PAH nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nikasemɔi yɛ laboratori shihilɛi ni sa mli. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ hei ni muji yɔɔ loo yɛ hei ni muji yɔɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ nibii babaoo ni wala bɛ mli kɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli (dɔlɛ, pH, kɔɔyɔɔ kpakpa, niyenii mli hewalɛ ni yɔɔ, shikpɔŋ nɔ wala yibii ni yɔɔ, xenobiotics krokomɛi, naagbee nibii ni tsiɔ nii anaa, kɛ ekrokomɛi) tsɔɔ akɛ amɛtsakeɔ ni amɛnáa nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anɔ hewalɛ.
Dɔlɛ yɛ hewalɛ ni sa kadimɔ waa yɛ PAH nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ. Beni hulutsoo be lɛ yaa hiɛ lɛ, kɔɔyɔɔ ni mli edɔ lɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ baa shi, ni enɛ saa bɔ ni wala yibii bibii ni yɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ he, ejaakɛ amɛbiɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni mli tse lɛ akɛ nɔ kome ni haa kɔɔyɔɔ ni tsuɔ hydroxylation loo ring cleavage reactions lɛ tsuɔ nii. Bei pii lɛ, akadiɔ akɛ hulutsoo ni yaa hiɛ lɛ tsakeɔ fɔlɔi PAHs lɛ ewoɔ nibii ni yɔɔ gbeyei babaoo amli, ni no haaa nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ afite (Muller et al., 1998).
Ayɔse akɛ hei babaoo ni PAH mli ewo muji lɛ yɛ pH sɛɛnamɔi ni fe nine, tamɔ hei ni acid ŋtayaai amli nu hoɔ yɛ lɛ (pH 1–4) kɛ adebɔɔ mli la/coal gasification hei ni alkaline leachate ewo mli (pH 8–12). Shihilɛi nɛɛ baanyɛ aná bɔ ni nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ fiteɔ lɛ nɔ hewalɛ waa. No hewɔ lɛ, dani akɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ baatsu nii kɛha nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ esa akɛ atsake pH lɛ kɛtsɔ tsofai ni sa (ni yɔɔ mlɛo kɛyashi shishijee kwraa) tamɔ ammonium sulfate loo ammonium nitrate kɛha shikpɔji ni mli edɔ loo liming ni akɛ calcium siBolen carbonate loo magne tsuɔ nii yɛ mli lɛ ni akɛbaafata he lɛ nɔ. 1995;
Oxygen ni akɛhaa he ni ena naagba lɛ ji nɔ ni tsiɔ PAH nibii ni fiteɔ lɛ anaa. Yɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ shihilɛ mli lɛ hewɔ lɛ, in situ bioremediation gbɛjianɔtoi lɛ biɔ ni akɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni haa wala yibii lɛ aba kɛjɛɔ kponɔgbɛ (ŋmɔshi nibii akwɛmɔ, kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi, kɛ tsofai ni akɛfataa he) (Pardieck kɛ ekrokomɛi, 1992). Odenkranz kɛ ekrokomɛi. (1996) tsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ magnesium peroxide (ni ji tsofa ko ni haa kɔɔyɔɔ kpakpa jeɔ kpo) fata nu ni mli ewo muji lɛ he lɛ, ebaanyɛ ekɛ BTEX nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ atsu nii jogbaŋŋ. Nikasemɔ kroko hu tao bɔ ni phenol kɛ BTEX lɛ fiteɔ yɛ he ni amɛyɔɔ lɛ mli yɛ nu ni mli ewo muji lɛ mli kɛtsɔ sodium nitrate ni akɛwoɔ mli kɛ nubui ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ amamɔ koni anyɛ ana bioremediation ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ nɔ (Bewley kɛ Webb, 2001).