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Kɛji oyɛ ACS kuu lɛ mli bii lɛ ayibɔ lɛ, ofainɛ ŋmaa yɛ biɛ koni wɔkɛ akaunt nɛɛ kɛ ogbɛjianɔtoo lɛ abɔ he. (Halamɔ diɛŋtsɛ)
ACS buɔ oteemɔŋ saji akɛ nɔ ko ni jara wa. Kɛji okɛ osaji lɛ ha lɛ, obaanyɛ oya C&EN ni okɛ ohe awo wɔ otsi adafitswaa lɛ mli. Wɔkɛ saji ni okɛhaa lɛ tsuɔ nii koni wɔkɛha okanemɔ mli niiashikpamɔ aya hiɛ, ni wɔkɛ ohe saji lɛ hɔ̃ɔŋ mɛi krokomɛi kɔkɔɔkɔ.
Yɛ afi 2005 lɛ, nibii ni akɛheɔ nii lɛ ahe nitsumɔhe wulu ni ji Colgate-Palmolive lɛ shi Amerika Kooyigbɛ nibii ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe lɛ nitsumɔ lɛ kɛtsɔ nibii tamɔ Fab kɛ Dynamo ni ekɛhɔ̃ɔ Phoenix Brands lɛ nɔ. Afii etɛ sɛɛ lɛ, nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ jarayeli mli lɛ ahe nitsumɔhe wulu kroko ni ji Unilever lɛ hɔ̃ɔ e-American nibii ni akɛjieɔ muji ni All kɛ Wisk fata he lɛ eha Sun Products.
E nitsumɔ lɛ ni ekɛha aŋkroaŋkroi anitsumɔhei bibii enyɔ lɛ eha P&G jarayeli ni jara wa waa yɛ U.S. nibii ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe lɛ mli lɛ efee nɔ ni eshwɛ fioo ni mɔ ko mɔ ko nyɛŋ akase lɛ. Nɔ ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ ji akɛ, Procter & Gamble lɛ ejajeee kunimyeli lɛ he adafi.
Lɛlɛŋ, yɛ afi 2014 lɛ, Alan G. Lafley, ni ji Procter kɛ Gamble (P&G) nitsumɔhe lɛ nɔkwɛlɔ yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ, ye ehe awui akɛ Unilever jie ehe kɛjɛ nitsumɔ lɛ mli. Ekɛɛ akɛ eye detergent jarayeli lɛ teŋgbɛ jarayeli lɛ nɔ kunim, ni eha P&G nibii lɛ tee nɔ titri yɛ jarayeli ni jara wa waa lɛ mli, yɛ be mli ni ekɛ nibii ni jara waaa lɛ haa kɛ akaŋshilɔi etɛ. Procter & Gamble ji jarayelɔ ni hɔ̃ɔ nibii ni ale waa tamɔ Tide kɛ Gain. Eshɛɔ nɔ ni miihe ashɛ 60% yɛ U.S. nibii ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe nitsumɔ lɛ mli, shi enɛ ji nitsumɔ ko ni ekã shi, ni jara srɔtofeemɔ kpele yɛ nitsumɔhe lɛ nibii kɛ mɛi ni kɛ lɛ yeɔ akaŋ lɛ ateŋ.
Afi kome sɛɛ lɛ, mɛi ni kɛ lɛ yeɔ akaŋ lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome, ni ji German nitsumɔhe ni ji Henkel lɛ wo nibii amli. Nitsumɔhe lɛ kɛ e-Europe tsofa ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni atsɛɔ lɛ Persil lɛ ba United States, ni klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, etsɔ Wal-Mart pɛ nɔ ehɔ̃ɔ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, ekɛtee jarayelɔi tamɔ Target. Yɛ afi 2016 lɛ, Henkel futu nibii babaoo kɛtsɔ Sun Products ni enine shɛ nɔ lɛ nɔ.
Persil ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ eha nibii ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe lɛ ahe nitsumɔ lɛ etee hiɛ ekoŋŋ, shi ekolɛ ebaaya oya fe bɔ ni Lafley kpaa gbɛ. Yɛ May ni ho lɛ mli, beni wolo tɛtrɛɛ ni ji “Consumer Report” lɛ wo Henkel nibii heei lɛ ateŋ ekome, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, ni ji Amerika tsofa ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ fe fɛɛ lɛ gbɛi lɛ, esa akɛ lɛ kɛ P&G nitsumɔhe nɔkwɛlɔi krokomɛi lɛ ahe afee amɛ yaa. Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ nɔyeli lɛ tsirɛ Tide kɛtee gbɛhe ni ji enyɔ nɔ klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa yɛ afii babaoo ni eho lɛ amli.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) lɛ tsake eklɛŋklɛŋ nibii ni ehe gbɛi waa ni atsɛɔ lɛ Tide Ultra Stain Release lɛ yɛ afi 2016. Nitsumɔhe lɛ kɛɛ ekɛ nibii ni haa nu shwieɔ shi lɛ fata he ni ejie nu ko, ni no ha afee nɔ ko ni mli wa ni eyɛ ŋmɔlɔ ni baanyɛ aha muji ajie lɛ jogbaŋŋ. Wolo tɛtrɛɛ lɛ kɛɛ akɛ, nibii nɛɛ ji nɔ ni fe fɛɛ yɛ Consumer Reports lɛ mlipɛimɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli, eyɛ mli akɛ ehe ehiaaa yɛ akɔntaabuu naa moŋ.
Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ, mɛi ni heɔ nii lɛ ahe amaniɛbɔi tsɔɔ akɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe ni ji Tide Plus Ultra kɛ Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ji tsofai enyɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe yɛ United States. C&EN baakwɛ nibii ni kɛ nɛkɛ shihilɛ nɛɛ baa lɛ, kɛ agbɛnɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa kɛ mɛi ni fee lɛ.
Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ, mɛi ni heɔ nii lɛ ahe amaniɛbɔi tsɔɔ akɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe ni ji Tide Plus Ultra kɛ Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ji tsofai enyɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ahe yɛ United States. C&EN baakwɛ nibii ni kɛ nɛkɛ shihilɛ nɛɛ baa lɛ, kɛ agbɛnɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa kɛ mɛi ni fee lɛ.
Eshɛko mra tsɔ akɛ aaakɛɛ kɛji Henkel kɛ hiɛdɔɔ baatswa P&G mpoa eha Amerikabii ni heɔ tsofa ni akɛfɔɔ atadei ni jara wa waa lɛ. Shi kɛji akɛ P&G tsofafeemɔ he nilelɔi lɛ nu he akɛ amɛhe efee shoo yɛ akaŋshii ni bɛ lɛ hewɔ lɛ, abaajie amɛ kɛjɛ mli kwraa.
Shoaib Arif, ni ji nitsumɔ kɛ ŋaa nitsumɔ he nɔkwɛlɔ yɛ Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ yɛ United States lɛ, Tide kɛ Persil ji nibii ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛha nitsumɔ lɛ, ni abaanyɛ aja mli awo nitsumɔ mli fãi ejwɛ mli. Yɛ afii ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, Arif kɛ Pilot jeŋ nilelɔi krokomɛi eye ebua nitsumɔhei babaoo ni feɔ shĩa mli nibii lɛ ni amɛfee tsofai heei ni akɛjieɔ muji kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni akɛjieɔ muji.
Yɛ jarayelihe ni jara waaa lɛ, eji tsofa ni akɛjieɔ muji ni jara waaa waa. Taakɛ Arif tsɔɔ lɛ, ekolɛ nɔ ko ni jara waaa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ pɛ yɔɔ mli, tamɔ linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) kɛ agbɛnɛ hu nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ kɛ sui. Nibii ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ baanyɛ akɛ nibii ni yeɔ ebuaa loo nibii ni maa, tamɔ sodium citrate, tackifier kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni ji enyɔ afata he.
LABS ji anionic surfactant, ni hi jogbaŋŋ yɛ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ atadei amli lɛ ajiemɔ mli, ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ tsɔne ni akɛwoɔ atadei amli lɛ nɔ. Nɔ ni ji enyɔ ni afɔɔ nitsumɔ ji ethanol ethoxylate, ni ji nɔ ko ni jeee ionic, ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ fe LABS, titri lɛ kɛha fɔ kɛ muji ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ tsɔne ni akɛfee tsɔne mli lɛ mli.
Yɛ fã ni ji etɛ lɛ mli lɛ, mɛi ni feɔ tsofai lɛ baanyɛ amɛkɛ optical brighteners afata he yɛ jara ni baa shi fioo nɔ. Nɛkɛ nibii ni haa hulu kpɛɔ nɛɛ shwieɔ la ni ji ultraviolet lɛ nɔ ni amɛjieɔ kɛyaa he ni bluu lɛ yɔɔ lɛ koni atadei lɛ afee tamɔ nɔ ni amɛkpɛɔ waa. Bei pii lɛ, anaa nibii ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, nibii krokomɛi ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ yɛ nibii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ mli, ni baanyɛ amɔmɔ muji ni yɔɔ nu ni akɛfɔɔ nii ahe lɛ mli koni ekɛtsi enaa koni ekawo mama lɛ nɔ ekoŋŋ.
Nɔ ni kadiɔ nibii ni akɛjieɔ muji ni jara wa fe fɛɛ lɛ ji nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli babaoo kɛ nibii krokomɛi srɔtoi tamɔ dãa ni mli edɔ, dãa ni mli edɔ, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps kɛ cations. Shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii ni yɔɔ srɔtoi ni mɔɔ polymers (ni ekomɛi afee aha nitsumɔhei tamɔ Procter & Gamble kɛ Henkel) kɛ enzymes hu gbeeɔ nɛkɛ kuu nɛɛ mli.
Shi kɛlɛ, Arif bɔɔ kɔkɔ akɛ nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ ni abua naa lɛ kɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ enaagbai baa. Kɛyashi he ko lɛ, bɔ ni afeɔ tsofa ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ ji jeŋ nilee, ni tsofafeelɔi le bɔ ni tsofa mli nibii lɛ hi ha, tamɔ bɔ ni nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ.
Etsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Shi kɛlɛ, kɛ́ afee fɔmla lɛ pɛ kɛkɛ lɛ, nibii nɛɛ fɛɛ baaná amɛhe nɔ hewalɛ, ni onyɛŋ otsɔɔ nɔ tuuntu ni naagbee fɔmla lɛ baafee.” “Esa akɛ oka lɛ okwɛ lolo koni ona nɔmimaa akɛ etsuɔ ​​nii yɛ shihilɛ mli diɛŋtsɛ.”
Arif kɛɛ akɛ, ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli kɛ nibii ni maa lɛ baanyɛ atsĩ enzyme nitsumɔ naa. Mɛi ni feɔ tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ baanyɛ amɛkɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (tamɔ sodium borate kɛ calcium formate) atsu naagba nɛɛ he nii.
Franco Pala, ni ji Battelle World Detergent Project lɛ mli niiamlitaomɔ he nilelɔ nukpa lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli ni fa babaoo ni anaa yɛ nibii ni akɛjieɔ muji ni hi jogbaŋŋ lɛ amli lɛ hu baanyɛ ekɛ naagbai aba. Pala tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Ebɛ mlɛo akɛ akɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ babaoo baafata he yɛ bɔ ni ebɔle ehe babaoo tamɔ nɛkɛ mli.” Nɔ ni haa nu mli shwieɔ shi lɛ bafeɔ naagba, ni nibii gbohii ni baa surfactants lɛ ateŋ lɛ hu bafeɔ naagba.
Battelle gbɛjianɔtoo ni Pala nyiɛɔ hiɛ lɛ je shishi yɛ 1990 afii lɛ shishijee gbɛ kɛtsɔ jeŋ muu fɛɛ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛjieɔ muji lɛ ahe nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ amlipɛimɔ nɔ. Battelle kɛ jeŋ nilee mli nibii babaoo tsuɔ nii koni eye ebua mɛi ni yɔɔ nibii ni afee lɛ ahe mfoniri lɛ kɛ mɛi ni kɛ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ haa lɛ ni amɛya nɔ amɛfee nɔ ni fe nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ koni amɛnu shishi, ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, bɔ ni ethoxylation ni yɔɔ nibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ amli lɛ fa ha loo kɛji nibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ asɛɛgbɛ lɛ ji linear loo branched.
Para kɛɛ akɛ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ, polymers ji nɔ ko ni he hiaa waa ni akɛfeɔ nibii heei yɛ nibii ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ amli. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Tide kɛ Persil nibii lɛ fɛɛ yɛ polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ni ji tsofa ko ni shwieɔ muji ni BASF fee kɛha Procter & Gamble lɛ, shi amrɔ nɛɛ, mɛi ni feɔ tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ ená babaoo.
Pala tsɔɔ mli akɛ, anaa terephthalic acid copolymers hu yɛ tsofai ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ ekomɛi amli, ni no baaha mama lɛ nɔ yɛ be mli ni afɔɔ he lɛ, ni no baaha efee mlɛo akɛ abaajie muji kɛ muji yɛ be mli ni afɔɔ he nii yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ. Battelle kɛ nibii tamɔ gel ni tsɔɔ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii ni ekɛgbalaa polymers lɛ amli ni no sɛɛ lɛ ekɛ infrared spectroscopy tsuɔ nii ni ekɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni amɛyɔɔ ha.
Battelle gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ hu kɛ ejwɛŋmɔ maa enzymes, ni ji nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni mɛi ni feɔ lɛ yaa nɔ amɛhaa eyaa hiɛ daa afi lɛ anɔ waa. Bɔni afee ni amɛkwɛ bɔ ni enzyme lɛ tsuɔ nii eha lɛ, Pala kuu lɛ kɛ enzyme lɛ wo nɔ ko ni chromophore yɔɔ mli lɛ mli. Kɛ́ enzyme lɛ fite nɔ ni yɔɔ shishi lɛ, ajieɔ chromophore lɛ ni asusuɔ he kɛtsɔ tsɔne ni akɛjieɔ nii loo tsɔne ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii ni haa hulu kpɛɔ lɛ nɔ.
Proteases ni tutuaa proteins lɛ ji klɛŋklɛŋ enzymes ni akɛfata tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ ahe yɛ 1960 afii lɛ anaagbee gbɛ. Sɛɛ mli enzymes ni akɛfata tawuu nii lɛ ahe lɛ ekomɛi ji amylase, ni fiteɔ ŋmei, kɛ mannanase, ni fiteɔ nibii ni haa guar gum lɛ feɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ. Kɛ́ afɔse niyenii ni guar yɔɔ mli (tamɔ ice cream kɛ barbecue sauce) awo atadei anɔ lɛ, ŋmɔtɔ ni akɛwoɔ atadei amli lɛ baakã he ahi atadei lɛ anɔ kɛ́ aho he po. Akɛwoɔ mama lɛ mli ni akɛtsuɔ nii tamɔ glu kɛha muji ni mli tse, ni ehaa muji ni wa akɛ ajieɔ lɛ baa.
2in1 kɛ Tide Ultra Stain Release lɛ fɛɛ yɛ protease, amylase kɛ mannanase.
Lipase (ni baanyɛ afite fɔ) kɛ cellulase (ni abaanyɛ atsuu he yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ kɛtsɔ glycosidic bonds komɛi ni yɔɔ cotton fiber mli lɛ ni akɛ nu tsuɔ nii yɛ mli lɛ nɔ) hu yɛ Persil mli koni ejie muji ni kpɛtɛɔ fiber lɛ he lɛ. Cellulase baanyɛ aha cotton lɛ hu afee blɛoo ni eha ehiɛ afee ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ. Yɛ nakai beaŋ nɔŋŋ lɛ, taakɛ woji ni kɔɔ hegbɛ ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ he lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, nɔ krɛdɛɛ ni yɔɔ tidal detergent he ji glucanase, ni baanyɛ afite polysaccharides ni amylase nyɛŋ afite lɛ.
Novozymes kɛ DuPont ji mɛi ni feɔ enzymes wuji be babaoo, shi nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ BASF ebote nitsumɔ lɛ mli yɛ proteases gbɛ nɔ. Yɛ Nibii ni Akɛtsuɔ Nii ni Akɛtsuɔ Nii He Kpee ni afee yɛ Germany yɛ afi ni ho lɛ fɛ̃i be lɛ mli lɛ, BASF wo e-protease kɛ polyethyleneimine ethoxylate hee lɛ ni akɛfutuɔ lɛ he hewalɛ, ni ekɛɛ akɛ, nibii ni akɛfutuɔ lɛ haa mɛi ni heɔ nibii ni miisumɔ ni amɛfee nibii ni akɛjieɔ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ hulutsoo be mli lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ.
Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Arif kɛ mɛi krokomɛi ni kwɛɔ jarayeli nɔ lɛ kɛɛ akɛ, kɛ́ aŋmɛ gbɛ ni mɛi ni feɔ tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ afee nibii ni biɔ hewalɛ fioo loo ni abu shihilɛ he kɛjɛ adebɔɔ mli nibii ahe lɛ ji nɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ yɛ nitsumɔ lɛ mli. Yɛ May afi ni ho lɛ mli lɛ, P&G jie Tide Purclean, ni ji e-iconic brand lɛ fã ko kpo, ni nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ mlijaa 65 jɛɔ tsei amli. Kɛkɛ ni yɛ October mli lɛ, Unilever he Seventh Generation, ni ji nitsumɔhe ko ni feɔ tsei amli tsofai kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ, koni ekɛbote U.S. tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji lɛ jarayeli mli ekoŋŋ.
Arif kɛɛ akɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ nibii ni hi fe fɛɛ ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ ni aaatsake amɛfee tsofai ni akɛjieɔ muji ni anáa jweremɔ nii lɛ ji kaa be fɛɛ be moŋ, shi “nɔ ni yaa nɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ ji adebɔɔ naa nɔ fe tsutsu lɛ.” “Mɛi ni heɔ nii lɛ miibi akɛ, ‘Te wɔfeɔ tɛŋŋ wɔfeɔ nibii ni jɛ adebɔɔ mli ni bɛ awui babaoo kɛha adesai kɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ, shi etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ lolo?”