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Dust ahum kɛ oshara kpele baa maji babaoo ni yɔɔ je lɛŋ lɛ anɔ yɛ bɔ ni amɛfiteɔ okwaayeli, adesai ahewalɛ, gbɛfaa gbɛjianɔtoi kɛ nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ maŋ lɛ mli lɛ hewɔ. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji akɛ, abuɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ akɛ eji jeŋ muu fɛɛ naagba. Gbɛ kome ni atsɔɔ nɔ akuɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ naa ji nibii bibii ni haa shikpɔŋ lɛ shwieɔ shi (MICP) ni akɛtsuɔ nii. Shi, nibii ni jɛɔ MICP ni damɔ urea-fitemɔ nɔ lɛ mli baa, tamɔ ammonia lɛ, ehiii kwraa kɛji akɛ afee babaoo. Nikasemɔ nɛɛ jieɔ calcium formate bacteria ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛhaa MICP lɛ fitemɔ ni urea bɛ mli lɛ he gbɛjianɔtoi enyɔ kpo ni ekɛ amɛnitsumɔ lɛ toɔ calcium acetate bacteria ni jeee ammonia-feemɔi enyɔ he jogbaŋŋ. Muawai ni asusuɔ he ji Bacillus subtilis kɛ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, atsɔɔ nibii ni kudɔɔ CaCO3 feemɔ lɛ ahe sɛɛnamɔi ni hi fe fɛɛ. No sɛɛ lɛ, afee kɔɔyɔɔŋ gbɛ he kaai yɛ ŋãi ni akɛ tsofai ni hi fe fɛɛ tsu nii lɛ anɔ, ni asusu kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi, ŋãi ni shwieɔ shi oya, kɛ ŋãi ni shwieɔ shi lɛ ahe. Akɛ tsɔne ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii, tsɔne ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii (SEM), kɛ X-ray nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ mlipɛimɔ tsu nii kɛkwɛ bɔ ni Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ mli. Nibii ni akɛ calcium formate fee lɛ tsu nii jogbaŋŋ fe nibii ni akɛ acetate fee lɛ yɛ calcium carbonate feemɔ he. Kɛfata he lɛ, B. subtilis lɛ jieɔ calcium carbonate babaoo fe B. amyloliquefaciens lɛ. SEM mfoniri bibii tsɔɔ bɔ ni helatsɛmɛi ni tsuɔ nii kɛ mɛi ni tsuuu nii lɛ fĩɔ calcium carbonate ni ŋmeii ni shwieɔ shi lɛ kɛbaa lɛ nɔ lɛ mli faŋŋ. Nibii fɛɛ ni afee lɛ ha kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ ba shi jogbaŋŋ.
Ayɔse kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ akɛ naagba wulu ni kɛ hei ni hulu enyɔ shi kɛ hulutsoo fã tamɔ United States wuoyi-anaigbɛ, China anaigbɛ, Sahara Afrika, kɛ Middle East babaoo kpeɔ1. Nugbɔ ni nɛɔ fioo yɛ hei ni hulutsoo kɛ hulutsoo be babaoo yɔɔ lɛ eha nɛkɛ kpokpai nɛɛ amli hei wuji etsɔ ŋa nɔ, ŋãi, kɛ shikpɔji ni atsuuu nii yɛ nɔ. Kɔɔyɔɔ ni yaa nɔ efiteɔ lɛ kɛ shihilɛ he gbeyeishemɔ baa nibii tamɔ gbɛfaa gbɛjianɔtoi, okwaayeli shikpɔji, kɛ nitsumɔhei shikpɔji anɔ, ni ekɛ shihilɛ ni ehiii kɛ maŋtiase mli shweremɔ he nyɔmɔwoo ni fa baa yɛ nɛkɛ kpokpai nɛɛ anɔ2,3,4. Nɔ ni he hiaa ji akɛ, kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ saaa he ni ebaa lɛ pɛ he, shi moŋ ekɛ hewalɛnamɔ kɛ shika helɛtemɔ he naagbai hu baa akutsei ni yɔɔ shɔŋŋ lɛ amli ejaakɛ ekɛ kɔɔyɔɔ mli nibii bibii yaa hei ni kɛ jɛɛhe lɛ teŋ jɛkɛ5,6.
Kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ nɔkwɛmɔ ji jeŋ muu fɛɛ naagba lolo. Akɛ gbɛi srɔtoi ni akɛhaa shikpɔŋ lɛ shiɔ shi jogbaŋŋ tsuɔ nii koni akɛkudɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ. Nibii tamɔ nu ni akɛtsuɔ nii7, mu ni akɛwoɔ ŋmɔ mli8, biopolymers5, nibii bibii ni haa nugbɔshiimɔ baa (MICP)9,10,11,12 kɛ enzyme ni haa nugbɔshiimɔ baa (EICP)1 fata gbɛi nɛɛ ahe. Shikpɔŋ nɔ ŋmɔtɔ ji gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ sũ kɛjɛɔ ŋmɔ mli. Shi kɛlɛ, e-evaporation oya lɛ haa gbɛ nɛɛ tsuuu nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ hei ni nu bɛ kɛ hei ni nu bɛ fioo lɛ amli1. Mu ni akɛwoɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ haa ŋã lɛ feɔ ekome kɛ ŋã lɛ mli gbeekpamɔ yaa hiɛ. Amɛ nibii ni haa amɛfeɔ ekome lɛ fiɔ ŋãi amli ŋmeii lɛ ekome; shi kɛlɛ, mu ni akɛwoɔ ŋmɔ mli lɛ hu kɛ naagbai krokomɛi baa; amɛhe su ni tsuɔ lɛ haa hulutsoo lɛ yaa hiɛ ni ehaa tsei kɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ gboiɔ. Amɛfu kɛ amɛhe lasu baanyɛ aha mɔ aná mumɔ mli naagbai, ni nɔ ni sa kadimɔ waa ji akɛ, amɛjara ni wa lɛ ji gbɛtsii nii kroko hu. Biopolymers ji gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ ni akɛbaatsu nii ni akɛbaa kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ shi lɛ ateŋ ekome; ajieɔ amɛ kɛjɛɔ adebɔɔ mli nibii tamɔ tsei, kooloi kɛ helatsɛmɛi amli. Xanthan tsofa, guar tsofa, chitosan kɛ gellan tsofa ji nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii fe fɛɛ yɛ tsɔne he nitsumɔi amli5. Shi kɛlɛ, biopolymers ni nu mli shwieɔ shi lɛ baanyɛ afite hewalɛ ni ejɛ sũ mli kɛji akɛ ekɛ ehe wo nu mli13,14. Atsɔɔ akɛ EICP ji gbɛ ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ sũ kɛjɛɔ mli kɛha nitsumɔi srɔtoi ni gbɛjegbɛi ni atswako nɔ, tailings ponds kɛ tsumaa hei fata he. Eyɛ mli akɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ woɔ mɔ hewalɛ moŋ, shi esa akɛ asusu naagbai komɛi ni baanyɛ aba lɛ ahe, tamɔ shika ni he hiaa kɛ nucleation hei ni bɛ (ni haa CaCO3 kristaloi lɛ afeemɔ kɛ nugbɔshiimɔ yaa oya15,16).
Murray kɛ Irwin (1890) kɛ Steinmann (1901) tsɔɔ MICP mli klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa yɛ ohai 19 lɛ naagbee gbɛ yɛ amɛ nikasemɔ ni kɔɔ urea ni ŋshɔ mli nibii bibii fiteɔ lɛ he lɛ mli17. MICP ji adebɔɔ mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni kɔɔ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anifeemɔi srɔtoi kɛ tsofafeemɔ gbɛjianɔtoi ni calcium carbonate lɛ yaa hiɛ kɛtsɔ carbonate ions ni jɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ amli kɛ calcium ions ni yɔɔ shihilɛ mli lɛ mli lɛ nɔ18,19. MICP ni kɔɔ urea-fitemɔ nitrogen sɛɛkuu lɛ he (urea-fitemɔ MICP) ji nɔ ni afɔɔ naa yɛ nibii bibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe lɛ amli, ni urease ni helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ feɔ lɛ haa urea lɛ mli nu lɛ mli shwieɔ shi20,21,22,23,24,27,2,
Yɛ MICP ni kɔɔ ŋmei ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ he lɛ mli (MICP ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ), heterotrofik helai kɛ ŋmei ni wala yɔɔ mli tamɔ asetɛt, lactate, citrate, succinate, oksalate, malate kɛ glyoxylate tsuɔ nii akɛ hewalɛ jɛɛhei ni amɛkɛfeɔ carbonate minerals28. Yɛ be mli ni calcium lactate ji carbon jɛɛhe kɛ calcium ions lɛ, tsofafeemɔ ni haa calcium carbonate feɔ lɛ ji nɔ ni atsɔɔ yɛ equation (5) lɛ mli.
Yɛ MICP gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ mli lɛ, helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii haa nucleation hei ni he hiaa waa kɛha calcium carbonate ni shwieɔ shi lɛ; tsɛŋemɔ hela mli wala yibii lɛ anɔ lɛ yɛ charge ni ehiii ni ebaanyɛ etsu nii akɛ nɔ ni ŋmɛɔ divalent cations tamɔ calcium ions. Kɛtsɔ calcium ions ni akɛwoɔ helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii lɛ anɔ lɛ nɔ lɛ, kɛji carbonate ion lɛ falɛ fa lɛ, calcium cations kɛ carbonate anions lɛ feɔ ekome ni calcium carbonate lɛ shwieɔ helatsɛmɛi lɛ anɔ29,30. Abaanyɛ afo gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ mli kuku tamɔ nɛkɛ31,32:
Abaanyɛ aja kristalo ni jɛ wala mli nibii amli lɛ mli awo henɔi etɛ mli: kalsiit, vaterite, kɛ aragonite. Yɛ amɛteŋ lɛ, calcite kɛ vaterite ji nɔ ni afɔɔ naa yɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ amli. Kalsait ji kalsiɔm kabonat allomorph35 ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ fe fɛɛ. Eyɛ mli akɛ abɔ amaniɛ akɛ vaterite lɛ nyɛɔ ehiɔ shi moŋ, shi yɛ naagbee lɛ etsakeɔ efeɔ calcite36,37. Vaterite ji kristalo nɛɛ ateŋ nɔ ni mli wa fe fɛɛ. Eji kristalo ni yɔɔ koŋ ekpaa ni yɔɔ nyɛmɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni ekɛwoɔ ŋmeii amli fe calcium carbonate kristalo krokomɛi yɛ elɛɛmɔ hewɔ38. MICP ni urea fiteɔ kɛ nɔ ni urea fiteee lɛ fɛɛ baanyɛ aha vaterite13,39,40,41 aba.
Eyɛ mli akɛ MICP ejie shiwoo kpo akɛ ebaanyɛ ekɛ shikpɔji ni yɔɔ naagbai kɛ shikpɔji ni kɔɔyɔɔ baanyɛ afite lɛ ahi shi moŋ42,43,44,45,46,47,48, shi nibii ni jɛɔ urea hydrolysis mli baa lɛ ateŋ ekome ji ammonia, ni baanyɛ ekɛ helatsamɔ mli naagbai ni baa shi kɛyashi nɔ ni naa wa aba ni damɔ shikpɔji ni ajieɔ lɛ kpo lɛ nɔ. Nɛkɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa nɛɛ haa nɛkɛ ŋaa nitsumɔ nɛɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ feɔ nɔ ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe, titri lɛ, kɛ́ ehe miihia ni atsu hei wuji ahe nii, tamɔ kɛha sũ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ. Kɛfata he lɛ, ammonia he ŋmɔlɔ lɛ ji nɔ ni anyɛɛɛ akpɛlɛ nɔ kɛ́ akɛ nitsumɔ lɛ tsu nii yɛ gbɛ ni fa babaoo nɔ kɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii babaoo ahaa lɛ nɔ, ni baanyɛ aná bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa lɛ nɔ hewalɛ. Eyɛ mli akɛ nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ abaanyɛ ajie ammonium ions lɛ shi kɛtsɔ amɛtsakemɔ kɛmiiya nibii krokomɛi tamɔ struvite nɔ moŋ, shi gbɛi nɛɛ ejieee ammonium ions lɛ kwraa50. No hewɔ lɛ, ehe miihia ni atao gbɛi krokomɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii ni haaa ammonium ions aba. Gbɛi ni jeee urea fitemɔ gbɛi ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛhaa MICP lɛ baanyɛ aha tsabaa ni baanyɛ aba ni akwɛɛɛ mli jogbaŋŋ yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni fiteɔ nii lɛ shibaa mli. Fattahi kɛ ekrokomɛi. kwɛ MICP ni urea bɛ mli lɛ mlifitemɔ mli kɛtsɔ calcium acetate kɛ Bacillus megaterium41 nɔ, yɛ be mli ni Mohebbi kɛ ekrokomɛi. akɛ kalsiɔm asetɛt kɛ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens9 tsu nii. Shi kɛlɛ, akɛ amɛ nikasemɔ lɛ etooo calcium jɛɛhei krokomɛi kɛ heterotrophic bacteria ni baanyɛ aha kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ aya hiɛ yɛ naagbee lɛ he. Woji ni kɛ gbɛi ni urea bɛ mli ni fiteɔ nii lɛ kɛ urea fitemɔ gbɛi lɛ toɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni fiteɔ nii lɛ he nitsumɔ mli lɛ hu faaa.
Kɛfata he lɛ, afee kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi kɛ sũ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he nikasemɔi babaoo yɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ anɔ.1,51,52,53 Shi kɛlɛ, shikpɔŋ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ faaa yɛ adebɔɔ mli fe gɔji kɛ ŋshɔkei ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ. Enɛ hewɔ ni ŋãi ji shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii ni afɔɔ naa yɛ ŋa nɔ kpokpai anɔ lɛ.
Bɔni afee ni aye tɔmɔi ni atsĩ tã yɛ yiteŋgbɛ nɛɛ anɔ kunim lɛ, nikasemɔ nɛɛ yiŋtoo ji ni ekɛ tsofai heei ni jeee ammonia ni feɔ bacteria lɛ aba. Yɛ yiŋtoo nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, wɔsusu gbɛi ni jeee urea ni fiteɔ MICP lɛ ahe. Akwɛ bɔ ni calcium jɛɛhei enyɔ (calcium formate kɛ calcium acetate) tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa lɛ mli. Kɛyashi niŋmalɔi lɛ anilee naa lɛ, akwɛko carbonate nugbɔshiimɔ ni akɛ calcium jɛɛhei enyɔ kɛ bacteria ni akɛfee ekome (ni ji calcium formate-Bacillus subtilis kɛ calcium formate-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) tsuɔ nii yɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ amli. Nɛkɛ helatsɛmɛi nɛɛ ahalamɔ damɔ enzymes ni amɛfeɔ ni haa calcium formate kɛ calcium acetate lɛ mli la ni haa wala yibii bibii ni ji carbonate lɛ feɔ nugbɔshiimɔ lɛ nɔ. Wɔfee shikpamɔ he nikasemɔ ko ni mli kwɔ koni wɔkɛna nibii ni hi fe fɛɛ tamɔ pH, helatsɛmɛi ahe nibii kɛ calcium jɛɛhei kɛ amɛmli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ, helatsɛmɛi kɛ calcium jɛɛhe mli tsofa lɛ mlijaa kɛ tsamɔ be. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, akwɛ bɔ ni nɛkɛ helai nɛɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi kɛtsɔɔ calcium carbonate nugbɔshiimɔ nɔ lɛ mli kɛtsɔ kɔɔyɔɔŋ ŋshɔkei ni afee yɛ ŋã nɔ lɛ anɔ koni ana bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ da ha, bɔ ni eboteɔ mli oya kɛ bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ shwieɔ shi ehaa kɛ ŋã lɛ mli nibii bibii ni akɛsusuɔ nii ahe lɛ ( afee diffraction (XRD) mlipɛimɔ kɛ skanning electron microscopy (SEM)) hu.
Kalsium kabɔnet feemɔ biɔ kalsium ions kɛ kabɔnet ions. Abaanyɛ ana calcium ions kɛjɛ calcium jɛɛhei srɔtoi tamɔ calcium kloraid, calcium hydroxide, kɛ skim milk powder54,55. Abaanyɛ afee carbonate ions kɛtsɔ nibii bibii srɔtoi tamɔ urea hydrolysis kɛ aerobic loo anaerobic oksideshin ni ji nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ56. Yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, ana carbonate ions kɛjɛ formate kɛ acetate ni feɔ okside lɛ mli. Kɛfata he lɛ, wɔkɛ calcium ŋmeii ni ji formate kɛ acetate tsu nii ni wɔkɛfee calcium carbonate krɔŋŋ, no hewɔ lɛ CO2 kɛ H2O pɛ ji nɔ ni anáa akɛ nibii ni jɛɔ mli baa. Yɛ gbɛ nɛɛ nɔ lɛ, nɔ kome pɛ ji nɔ ni tsuɔ nii akɛ calcium jɛɛhe kɛ carbonate jɛɛhe, ni ammonia ko kwraa bɛ mli. Sui nɛɛ haa calcium jɛɛhe kɛ carbonate feemɔ gbɛ ni wɔsusu akɛ ehi jogbaŋŋ lɛ.
Atsɔɔ bɔ ni calcium formate kɛ calcium asetate lɛ feɔ amɛnii amɛhaa kɛfeɔ calcium carbonate lɛ yɛ fɔmulai (7)-(14) lɛ amli. Fomula (7)-(11) lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, calcium fɔmɛte lɛ shwieɔ nu mli ni efeɔ fɔmik asid loo fɔmɔte. No hewɔ lɛ, tsabaa lɛ ji calcium kɛ hydroxide ions ni aheee nɔ ko lɛ jɛɛhe (fomula 8 kɛ 9). Nɔ ni jɛɔ formic acid lɛ mli oksidefeemɔ mli baa ji akɛ, carbon atom ni yɔɔ formic acid lɛ mli lɛ tsakeɔ efeɔ carbon dioxide (fomula 10). Yɛ naagbee lɛ, afeɔ calcium carbonate (fomula 11 kɛ 12).
Nakai nɔŋŋ hu, afeɔ calcium carbonate kɛjɛɔ calcium asetɛt mli (equation 13–15), ja akɛ acetic acid loo asetɛt feɔ yɛ formic acid najiaŋ.
Kɛji enzymes bɛ lɛ, acetate kɛ formate nyɛŋ afee oxide yɛ ŋwɛi fɛ̃i mli. FDH (formate dehydrogenase) kɛ CoA (coenzyme A) haa formate kɛ acetate lɛ feɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni haa kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon dioxide lɛ, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ (Eqs. 16, 17) 57, 58, 59. 1204 (Persiabii akusum nifeemɔi ahe nibii ni abua naa), ni ale lɛ hu akɛ NCIMB #13061 (Majimaji Ateŋ Nibii ni Abua Naa ni kɔɔ Bacteria, Yeast, Phage, Plasmids, Tse Dumɔwui kɛ Tso He Nibii ni Abua Naa) lɛ ji Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PTCC #1732, Akɛ nɛkɛ helai nɛɛ wo tsɔne ko ni loo mli peptone (5 g/L) kɛ loo mli nu (3 g/L) yɔɔ mli, ni atsɛɔ lɛ niyenii mli nu (NBR) (105443 Merck) mli.
No hewɔ lɛ, afee tsofai ejwɛ ni baaha calcium carbonate nugbɔshiimɔ aba kɛtsɔ calcium jɛɛhei enyɔ kɛ helatsɛmɛi enyɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ nɔ: calcium formate kɛ Bacillus subtilis (FS), calcium formate kɛ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FA), calcium acetate kɛ Bacillus subtilis a (AS), kɛ . amilolikifasiɛns (AA).
Yɛ shikpamɔ lɛ he gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ fã lɛ mli lɛ, afee kaai koni ana nɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni akɛbaafee ekome ni baaha aná calcium carbonate babaoo. Akɛni shikpɔŋ nɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ amli calcium carbonate yɔɔ hewɔ lɛ, afee shishijee sɛɛyoomɔ kaai akuu ko koni akɛsusu CaCO3 ni jɛɔ nibii sɔrɔtoi ni akɛtoɔ he lɛ amli lɛ he pɛpɛɛpɛ, ni akwɛ culture medium kɛ calcium source solutions ni akɛfutu mli lɛ mli. Kɛha calcium jɛɛhe kɛ helatsɛmɛi ahe tsabaa ni atsɔɔ mli yɛ ŋwɛi nɛɛ eko fɛɛ eko (FS, FA, AS, kɛ AA), nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli (calcium jɛɛhe lɛ mlibotemɔ, helatsamɔ be, helatsɛmɛi ahelatsamɔ mlibotemɔ ni akɛ optical density ni yɔɔ tsabaa lɛ mli lɛ susuɔ (OD), calcium jɛɛhe kɛ bacteria tsabaa lɛ mlijaa, kɛ pH) lɛ ji nɔ ni ajie kɛjɛ mli ni akɛtsu nii yɛ helatsamɔ mli fãi lɛ amli.
Kɛha nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni akɛfee ekome lɛ, afee kaai 150 koni akɛkase bɔ ni CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii eha lɛ he nii ni akɛpɛi nibii srɔtoi amli, ni ji calcium jɛɛhe lɛ mlibotemɔ, helatsamɔ be, bacteria OD sɛɛnamɔ, calcium jɛɛhe kɛ bacteria solution ratio kɛ pH yɛ aerobic oxidation of organic matter (T) be mli. Ahala pH ni akɛbaatsu nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ yɛ Bacillus subtilis kɛ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens lɛ adalɛ mli bɔni afee ni ana dalɛ oya. Atsɔɔ enɛ mli fitsofitso yɛ Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ fã lɛ mli.
Akɛ gbɛi ni nyiɛ sɛɛ nɛɛ tsu nii kɛsaa nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ kɛha fã ni ji nɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ lɛ. MICP tsabaa lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ ji nɔ ni asaa kɛtsɔ shishijee pH ni yɔɔ kusum mli lɛ tsakemɔ nɔ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, akɛwo autoclave mli yɛ 121 °C kɛha minitii 15. No sɛɛ lɛ, awo tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ mli yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni hoɔ ni ji laminar mli, ni akwɛ nɔ yɛ tsɔne ni haa tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ hosoɔ mli yɛ 30 °C kɛ 180 rpm mli. Kɛji akɛ OD ni yɔɔ helatsɛmɛi amli lɛ shɛ he ni ataoɔ lɛ, akɛ calcium source solution lɛ futuɔ mli yɛ bɔ ni ataoɔ lɛ naa (Mfoniri 1a). Aŋmɛ MICP tsofa lɛ gbɛ ni efee nɔ ko ni efee shiŋŋ yɛ tsɔne ko ni hosoɔ mli yɛ 220 rpm kɛ 30 °C mli kɛyashi be ko ni shɛɔ sɛɛnamɔ ni ato he gbɛjianɔ lɛ he. Akɛ CaCO3 ni shwie shi lɛ mli gbala yɛ centrifugation yɛ 6000 g kɛha minitii 5 sɛɛ, ni no sɛɛ lɛ agbi yɛ 40 °C koni akɛsaa nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ kɛha calcimeter kaa lɛ (Mfoniri 1b). No sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ Bernard calcimeter tsu nii kɛsusu CaCO3 ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he, he ni CaCO3 powder lɛ kɛ 1.0 N HCl (ASTM-D4373-02) feɔ ekome ni ekɛ CO2 baa, ni nɛkɛ gas nɛɛ falɛ ji CaCO3 ni yɔɔ mli lɛ susumɔ (Mfoniri 1c). Kɛji akɛ abaatsake CO2 lɛ falɛ kɛya CaCO3 mli lɛ, afee calibration curve kɛtsɔ CaCO3 powder krɔŋŋ ni akɛ 1 N HCl tsuɔ he nii ni akɛtoɔ CO2 ni eba lɛ he. Akɛ SEM mfonirifeemɔ kɛ XRD mlipɛimɔ tsu nii kɛtao bɔ ni CaCO3 powder ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ yɔɔ ha kɛ bɔ ni ehe tse ha lɛ mli. Akɛ nɔ ko ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii ni haa mɔ naa nibii bibii ni haa mɔ naa kpɛɔ ehe ni ji 1000 tsu nii ni akɛkase bɔ ni calcium carbonate ni bɔleɔ helatsɛmɛi lɛ ahe lɛ feɔ, bɔ ni calcium carbonate ni afee lɛ fã lɛ yɔɔ ha, kɛ bɔ ni helatsɛmɛi lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ he nii.
Dejegh Basin ji kpokpaa ko ni ale jogbaŋŋ akɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ efite waa yɛ Fars Kpokpaa ni yɔɔ Iran wuoyi-anaigbɛ lɛ nɔ, ni niiamlitaolɔi lɛ bua shikpɔŋ ni kɔɔyɔɔ efite lɛ ahe nɔkwɛmɔnii kɛjɛ jɛmɛ. Ajie nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ kɛjɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ kɛha nikasemɔ lɛ. Nibii ni tsɔɔ nɔ ni afeɔ yɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ anɔ lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ ji shikpɔŋ ni ŋã yɔɔ mli ni ahala lɛ jogbaŋŋ ni abu lɛ akɛ SP-SM taakɛ Unified Soil Classification System (USC) lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ (Mfoniri 2a). XRD mlipɛimɔ tsɔɔ akɛ Dejegh shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ titri ji calcite kɛ quartz (Mfoniri 2b). Kɛfata he lɛ, EDX mlipɛimɔ tsɔɔ akɛ nibii krokomɛi tamɔ Al, K, kɛ Fe hu yɛ mli yɛ fãi bibii amli.
Bɔni afee ni asaa laboratori mli ŋmeii lɛ kɛha kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he kaa lɛ, atswa shikpɔŋ lɛ kɛjɛ ŋwɛi ŋta ni ji 170 mm kɛtsɔ ŋta ni kɛlɛ ji 10 mm lɛ nɔ kɛtee shikpɔŋ ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ nɔ, ni no ha ŋta ni afɔɔ naa yɛ ŋta ni ŋta ni ji 60 mm kɛ ŋta ni ji 210 mm lɛ ba. Yɛ adebɔɔ mli lɛ, ŋãi ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ ji nɔ ni aeolian nifeemɔi feɔ. Nakai nɔŋŋ hu, nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni akɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi nɛɛ tsu nii kɛsaa lɛ yɛ ŋwɛi ŋta ni baa shi fe fɛɛ, γ = 14.14 kN/m3, ni efee ŋã ni akɛwo shikpɔŋ ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ni ŋwɛi ŋta ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ŋta lɛ nɔ lɛ he ŋta lɛ mli ŋta lɛ mli ŋta ni ji aaafee 29.7°.
MICP tsabaa ni hi fe fɛɛ ni anáa yɛ fã ni tsɔ hiɛ lɛ mli lɛ shwie ŋshɔ lɛ nɔ yɛ 1, 2 kɛ 3 lm-2 nitsumɔ mli ni no sɛɛ lɛ akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ to incubator mli yɛ 30 °C (Mfoniri 3) gbii 9 (ni ji be ni hi fe fɛɛ ni akɛtsaa tsamɔ) ni no sɛɛ lɛ ajie kɛjɛ mli kɛha te testing te wind.
Kɛha tsofafeemɔ fɛɛ tsofafeemɔ lɛ, asaa nɔkwɛmɔnii ejwɛ, eko kɛha calcium carbonate ni yɔɔ mli lɛ kɛ ŋwɛi hewalɛ susumɔ kɛtsɔ penetrometer nɔ, ni akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii etɛ ni eshwɛ lɛ tsu nii kɛka shikpɔŋ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he kaa yɛ oyaiyelii srɔtoi etɛ mli. Yɛ kɔɔyɔɔŋ tsɔne lɛ mli kaai lɛ amli lɛ, atsɔɔ bɔ ni ŋshɔkei lɛ fa ha yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli srɔtoi amli, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, atsɔɔ bɔ ni ŋshɔkei lɛ fa ha kɛ bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli yɔɔ ha lɛ mli. Kɛfata kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he kaai lɛ ahe lɛ, akɛ ŋã shwie nɔ (ni ji, ŋã ni akɛshwieɔ shi lɛ nɔ) nɔkwɛmɔnii ni atsa amɛ lɛ. Afee nɔkwɛmɔnii krokomɛi enyɔ kɛha yiŋtoo nɛɛ yɛ nitsumɔ mli 2 kɛ 3 L m−2. Ŋã ni akɛtswaa nii lɛ he kaa lɛ he minitii 15 kɛ 120 gm−1, ni yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔi ni ahala yɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ amli60,61,62. 800 mm ni yɔɔ abrasive nozzle lɛ kɛ dune shishitoo lɛ teŋ lɛ ji 100 mm yɛ ŋshɔ lɛ shishigbɛ. Ato gbɛhe nɛɛ bɔni afee ni nɔ ni miihe ashɛ ŋã bibii ni hoɔ lɛ fɛɛ agbee ŋã lɛ nɔ.
Afee kɔɔyɔɔŋ tsɔne he kaa lɛ yɛ kɔɔyɔɔŋ tsɔne ko ni agbele naa ni elɛɛmɔ ji mitai 8, elɛɛmɔ ji mitai 0.4, ni elɛɛmɔ ji mitai 1 mli (Mfoniri 4a). Akɛ dade ni akɛ galvanized fee kɔɔyɔɔŋ tsɔne lɛ, ni ebaanyɛ ekɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni yaa oya ashɛ 25 m/s aba. Kɛfata he lɛ, akɛ tsɔne ko ni tsakeɔ bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ tswaa oya lɛ tsuɔ nii koni akɛtsake bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ tswaa oya ehaa lɛ, ni akɛhaa bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ tswaa lɛ yaa hiɛ fiofio koni anyɛ ana kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli ni ato he gbɛjianɔ lɛ. Mfoniri 4b lɛ tsɔɔ ŋãi ni kɔɔyɔɔ efite lɛ ahe mfoniri ni ato he gbɛjianɔ kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli ni asusu yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ŋtayaa lɛ mli lɛ he mfoniri.
Yɛ naagbee lɛ, koni akɛ nɔ ni jɛ MICP ni jeee urealytic gbɛjianɔtoo ni atsɔɔ yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ mli ba lɛ ato nɔ ni jɛ urealytic MICP nɔkwɛmɔ kaa lɛ mli ba lɛ he lɛ, asaa dune nɔkwɛmɔnii lɛ hu ni akɛ tsofa ko ni wala yɔɔ mli ni urea, calcium chloride kɛ Sporosarcina pasteurii yɔɔ mli lɛ tsu nii (kɛjɛ be mli ni Sporosarcina has apasteurii produability3 significant3). 1.5, ni urea kɛ calcium chloride ni yɔɔ mli lɛ ji 1 M (hala yɛ sɛɛnamɔi ni ajie yi yɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ amli lɛ nɔ36,64,65). Nibii ni akɛwoɔ kusum mli lɛ ji niyenii ni haa mɔ hewalɛ (8 g/L) kɛ urea (20 g/L). Akɛ bacteria tsofa lɛ shwie gɔŋ lɛ nɔ ni ashi ŋmɛlɛtswai 24 koni bacteria lɛ akpɛtɛ he. Beni akɛwo mli ŋmɛlɛtswai 24 sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ simenti ni akɛwoɔ mli (calcium chloride kɛ urea) shwie nɔ. Atsɛɔ urealytic MICP kudɔmɔ kaa lɛ akɛ UMC yɛ biɛ. Akɛ calcium carbonate ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ ni akɛ urealyt kɛ nɔ ni akɛtsuuu nii yɛ mli lɛ mli lɛ tsu nii kɛtsɔ tsɔne ni Choi kɛ ekrokomɛi tsɔɔ nɔ lɛ nɔ.
Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 5 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kɛ Bacillus subtilis lɛ daraa yɛ kusum mli (nibii ni haa mɔ hewalɛ) ni shishijee pH lɛ ji 5 kɛyashi 10. Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri lɛ mli lɛ, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kɛ Bacillus subtilis lɛ daraa oya ni pH 6. No hewɔ lɛ, akɛ nɛkɛ pH srɔtoi nɛɛ tsu nii yɛ nɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ lɛ mli.
(a) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kɛ (b) Bacillus subtilis lɛ adalɛ he mfoniri yɛ shishijee pH srɔtoi ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ mli.
Mfoniri 6 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon dioxide lɛ fa ha yɛ Bernard limemeter lɛ mli, ni damɔ shi kɛha calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ni shwieɔ shi lɛ mli. Akɛni ato nɔ kome he gbɛjianɔ yɛ nibii ni akɛtoɔ he lɛ eko fɛɛ eko mli ni nibii krokomɛi lɛ hu yɛ srɔtoi hewɔ lɛ, nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ mfonirii nɛɛ anɔ lɛ kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon dioxide ni fa fe fɛɛ ni yɔɔ nakai kaai lɛ amli lɛ kpãa gbee. Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri lɛ mli lɛ, beni calcium jɛɛhe lɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ yaa hiɛ lɛ, calcium carbonate ni ajieɔ lɛ hu yaa hiɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, bɔ ni calcium jɛɛhe lɛ fa ha lɛ saa calcium carbonate lɛ feemɔ he tɛ̃ɛ. Akɛni calcium jɛɛhe lɛ kɛ carbon jɛɛhe lɛ ji ekome hewɔ lɛ (ni ji, calcium formate kɛ calcium acetate) hewɔ lɛ, bɔ ni calcium ions lɛ jeɔ kpo babaoo lɛ, nakai calcium carbonate lɛ hu feɔ (Mfoniri 6a). Yɛ AS kɛ AA nifeemɔi lɛ amli lɛ, calcium carbonate ni ajieɔ lɛ tee nɔ etee hiɛ kɛ be ni akɛtsaa hela lɛ yaa hiɛ aahu kɛyashi shwiemɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ falɛ shwɛ fioo ni etsakeee yɛ gbii 9 sɛɛ. Yɛ FA lɛ mli lɛ, bɔ ni calcium carbonate lɛ feɔ lɛ ba shi beni helatsamɔ be lɛ fe gbii 6 lɛ. Kɛ akɛto tsofai krokomɛi ahe lɛ, tsofai FS lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ calcium carbonate ni afeɔ lɛ faaa kwraa yɛ gbii 3 sɛɛ (Mfoniri 6b). Yɛ FA kɛ FS ni afee lɛ mli lɛ, ana 70% kɛ 87% yɛ calcium carbonate ni afee lɛ fɛɛ mli yɛ gbii etɛ sɛɛ, yɛ be mli ni yɛ AA kɛ AS ni afee lɛ mli lɛ, nɛkɛ mlijaa nɛɛ ji aaafee 46% kɛ 45% pɛ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, tsofa ni akɛ formic acid fee lɛ yɛ CaCO3 feemɔ ni fa yɛ shishijee mli kɛ akɛto tsofa ni akɛ acetate fee lɛ he. Shi kɛlɛ, bɔ ni afee lɛ aha lɛ baa shi kɛ be ni akɛtsaa hela lɛ yaa hiɛ. Abaanyɛ amu sane naa kɛjɛ mfoniri 6c lɛ mli akɛ, yɛ bacteria ni fa fe OD1 lɛ po mli lɛ, nɔ ko bɛ ni he hiaa ni yeɔ ebuaa calcium carbonate feemɔ.
Tsakemɔ yɛ CO2 falɛ mli (kɛ CaCO3 ni kɛ lɛ kpãa gbee) ni Bernard calcimeter lɛ susuɔ akɛ eji (a) calcium jɛɛhe lɛ mli nibii ni falɛ, (b) be ni ato, (c) OD, (d) shishijee pH, (e) calcium jɛɛhe lɛ kɛ bacteria solution lɛ mlijaa (kɛha tsɔne lɛ eko fɛɛ eko); kɛ (f) calcium carbonate ni fa fe fɛɛ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli kɛha calcium jɛɛhe kɛ helatsɛmɛi ahe nibii ni akɛtoɔ he lɛ eko fɛɛ eko.
Yɛ nɔ ni kɔɔ shishijee pH ni yɔɔ mli lɛ he lɛ, mfoniri 6d tsɔɔ akɛ kɛha FA kɛ FS lɛ, CaCO3 nifeemɔ lɛ shɛɔ sɛɛnamɔ ni fe fɛɛ he yɛ pH 7. Nɛkɛ niiamlipɛimɔ nɛɛ kɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ kpãa gbee akɛ FDH enzymes lɛ hiɔ shi jogbaŋŋ yɛ pH 7-6.7. Shi, kɛha AA kɛ AS lɛ, CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ lɛ tee hiɛ beni pH lɛ fe 7. Nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ hu tsɔɔ akɛ pH ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha CoA enzyme nitsumɔ lɛ ji kɛjɛ 8 kɛyashi 9.2-6.8. Kɛji akɛ asusu akɛ pH ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha CoA enzyme nitsumɔ kɛ B. amyloliquefaciens dalɛ ji (8-9.2) kɛ (6-8), yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ (Mfoniri 5a), pH ni hi fe fɛɛ ni yɔɔ AA feemɔ mli lɛ ji 8, ni pH srɔtoi enyɔ lɛ feɔ ekome. Akɛ kaai ma anɔkwale nɛɛ nɔ mi, taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ Mfoniri 6d lɛ mli lɛ. Akɛni pH ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha B. subtilis dalɛ ji 7-9 (Mfoniri 5b) ni pH ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha CoA enzyme nitsumɔ ji 8-9.2 hewɔ lɛ, akwɛɔ gbɛ akɛ CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ ni fa fe fɛɛ lɛ baafee pH ni ji 8-9, ni mfoniri 6d maa nɔ mi (ni ji, nugbɔshiimɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ji pH9). Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ni atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 6e lɛ mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, sɛɛnamɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni yɔɔ calcium jɛɛhe mli nu lɛ kɛ bacteria mli nu lɛ mli lɛ ji 1 kɛha acetate kɛ formate mli nu lɛ fɛɛ. Kɛ akɛto he lɛ, akwɛ bɔ ni tsofafeemɔi srɔtoi (ni ji, AA, AS, FA, kɛ FS) lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ mli yɛ CaCO3 ni fa fe fɛɛ ni ajieɔ lɛ kpo yɛ shihilɛi srɔtoi amli lɛ nɔ (ni ji, calcium jɛɛhe lɛ mli nibii ni fa babaoo, helatsamɔ be, OD, calcium jɛɛhe lɛ kɛ bacteria solution ratio, kɛ shishijee pH lɛ). Yɛ tsofai ni akase lɛ ateŋ lɛ, tsofai ni ji FS lɛ ji nɔ ni CaCO3 ni ajieɔ lɛ kpo lɛ fa fe fɛɛ, ni eji nɔ ni miihe ashɛ tsofai ni akɛfee AA lɛ toi etɛ (Mfoniri 6f). Afee shikpamɔi ejwɛ ni bacteria bɛ mli ni akɛkwɛɔ calcium jɛɛhei enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ nɔ ni anaaa CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ ko yɛ gbii 30 sɛɛ.
Nibii ni afee lɛ fɛɛ lɛ ahe mfoniri ni akɛ optical microscope fee lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ vaterite ji fã titri ni akɛfeɔ calcium carbonate (Mfoniri 7). Vaterite kristalo lɛ ji kooloo yɛ su 69,70,71. Ana akɛ calcium carbonate lɛ shwieɔ helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii lɛ anɔ ejaakɛ helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii lɛ ahiɛ lɛ mli eyi kɛ charge ni ehiii, ni ebaanyɛ etsu nii akɛ nɔ ni shwieɔ divalent cations lɛ anɔ. Kɛ akɛ formulation FS lɛ fee nɔkwɛmɔnɔ yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, yɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 24 sɛɛ lɛ, calcium carbonate bɔi feemɔ yɛ helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii komɛi anɔ (Mfoniri 7a), ni yɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 48 sɛɛ lɛ, helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii ni akɛ calcium carbonate ehà nɔ lɛ ayibɔ tee hiɛ waa. Kɛfata he lɛ, taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 7b lɛ mli lɛ, abaanyɛ ana vaterite mli nibii bibii hu. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, yɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 72 sɛɛ lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni bacteria babaoo ebɔ vaterite kristalo lɛ he, ni vaterite mli nibii bibii lɛ ayibɔ tee hiɛ waa (Mfoniri 7c).
Nibii ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ amli lɛ akwɛmɔ yɛ CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ ni yɔɔ FS nibii amli lɛ mli yɛ be mli: (a) 24, (b) 48 kɛ (c) 72 h.
Kɛha bɔ ni fã ni shwieɔ shi lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ mlipɛimɔ babaoo lɛ, afee X-ray diffraction (XRD) kɛ SEM mlipɛimɔi ni kɔɔ powder lɛ he. XRD spectra (Mfoniri 8a) kɛ SEM micrographs (Mfoniri 8b, c) lɛ ma nɔ mi akɛ vaterite kristalo yɛ, ejaakɛ amɛyɛ su ni tamɔ lettuce ni ana tsakpaa ko ni yɔɔ vaterite yitsei lɛ kɛ precipitate yitsei lɛ ateŋ.
(a) X-ray ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni CaCO3 kɛ vaterite ni afee lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ he mfonirifeemɔ. SEM mfoniri bibii ni kɔɔ vaterite he yɛ (b) 1 kHz kɛ (c) 5.27 kHz shweremɔ, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ.
Nɔ ni jɛ kɔɔyɔɔŋ tsɔne mli kaai lɛ amli ba lɛ ji nɔ ni atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 9a, b. Abaanyɛ ana kɛjɛ mfoniri 9a lɛ mli akɛ ŋã ni atsuuu he nii lɛ mli ŋã ni shwieɔ shi lɛ oyaiyeli (TDV) lɛ ji aaafee 4.32 m/s. Yɛ 1 l/m2 ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ mli (Mfoniri 9a) lɛ, shikpɔŋ ni fiteɔ lɛ mli ŋmeii lɛ ashishifãi kɛha fãi FA, FS, AA kɛ UMC lɛ miihe ashɛ nɔ kome kɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ ŋmeii ni atsuuu he nii lɛ ahe lɛ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ tsamɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ nɛkɛ nitsumɔ mli lɛ tsuuu nii jogbaŋŋ ni kɛji kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli fe TDV lɛ pɛ kɛkɛ ni shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ ŋmɔtɔ ni yɔɔ mlɛo lɛ laajeɔ ni ŋshɔkei lɛ amli ŋmɔtɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ tamɔ nɔ ni yɔɔ ŋshɔkei ni atsuuu he nii lɛ anɔ lɛ nɔŋŋ. AS fã lɛ mli ŋmeii ni shwieɔ shi lɛ hu baa shi fe fãi krokomɛi ni yɔɔ abscissas ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ (ni ji TDV) lɛ (Mfoniri 9a). Akpɔlɔi ni yɔɔ mfoniri 9b lɛ mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli ni fe fɛɛ ni ji 25 m/s lɛ mli lɛ, ŋshɔkei ni atsa amɛ lɛ amli lɛ, ŋshɔkei ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ ayibɔ ni ji 2 kɛ 3 l/m2 lɛ baaa. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, kɛha FS, FA, AS kɛ UMC lɛ, ŋshɔkei lɛ nyɛɔ amɛshiɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi ni CaCO3 ni shwieɔ shi lɛ kɛbaa lɛ yɛ nitsumɔ mli 2 kɛ 3 l/m2 mli fe kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli ni fe fɛɛ (ni ji 25 m/s). No hewɔ lɛ, TDV sɛɛnamɔ ni ji 25 m/s ni anáa yɛ kaai nɛɛ amli lɛ ji husu ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ kɛha nitsumɔ he nyɔmɔwoo ni atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 9b lɛ mli lɛ, ja AA sane lɛ pɛ, he ni TDV lɛ miihe ashɛ kɔɔyɔɔ tsɔne lɛ oyaiyeli ni fe fɛɛ lɛ he lɛ.
Kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he kaa (a) Muji ni shwieɔ shi kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ oyaiyeli (nitsumɔ mli 1 l/m2), (b) Threshold tear-off oyaiyeli kɛ nitsumɔ mli shwiemɔ kɛ bɔ ni afee lɛ (CA kɛha calcium acetate, CF kɛha calcium formate).
Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ 10 lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni ŋãi ni akɛ tsofai srɔtoi tsu nii kɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa lɛ ahiɛ shwieɔ shi yɛ ŋãi ni akɛtswaa bomba lɛ he kaa lɛ sɛɛ, ni atsɔɔ nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ mli yɛ mfoniri 11 lɛ mli. Eyɛ faŋŋ kɛjɛ mfoniri 11 lɛ mli akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni akɛ biocomposition AA tsu he nii lɛ laaje 83.5% yɛ etsitsinɔnii lɛ mli yɛ 2 l/m2 ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ mli yɛ be mli ni nɔkwɛmɔnɔi krokomɛi lɛ fɛɛ tsɔɔ akɛ ŋmeii ni shwieɔ shi lɛ shɛɛɛ 30% yɛ ŋã ni akɛtswaa bomba lɛ mli. Beni ajie bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa lɛ nɔ kɛyashɛ 3 l/m2 lɛ, nɔkwɛmɔnii ni atsa amɛ lɛ fɛɛ laaje nɔ ni shɛɛɛ 25% yɛ amɛhewalɛ mli. Yɛ nitsumɔi enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, tsofa ni ji FS lɛ jie bɔ ni enyɛɔ eshiɔ ŋã ni akɛtswaa bomba lɛ jogbaŋŋ fe fɛɛ lɛ kpo. Akɛ bombardment shitee-kɛ-woo ni fe fɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni baa shi fe fɛɛ yɛ FS kɛ AA ni atsu he nii lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ amɛ CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ ni fa fe fɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni baa shi fe fɛɛ lɛ mli (Mfoniri 6f).
Nɔ ni jɛɔ ŋãi ni yɔɔ srɔtoi lɛ anɔ okpɛlɛmii ni hoɔ yɛ 2 kɛ 3 l/m2 mli baa (akpɔlɔi tsɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ gbɛ, krɔs tsɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ gbɛ ni damɔ shi shiŋŋ yɛ mfoniri lɛ he lɛ).
Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 12 lɛ mli lɛ, calcium carbonate ni yɔɔ fɔmulai lɛ fɛɛ amli lɛ tee hiɛ be mli ni nitsumɔ lɛ falɛ tee hiɛ kɛjɛ 1 L/m2 kɛtee 3 L/m2 lɛ. Kɛfata he lɛ, yɛ nibii fɛɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ amli lɛ, fɔmula ni calcium carbonate yɔɔ mli fe fɛɛ ji FS, ni FA kɛ UMC nyiɛɔ sɛɛ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ nɛkɛ fɔmulai nɛɛ baanyɛ aná ŋwɛi hewalɛ ni nɔ kwɔ.
13a tsɔɔ tsakemɔ ni baa yɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ nibii ni atsuuu he nii, ni akudɔɔ kɛ nɔ ni atsu he nii ni akɛ permeameter kaa susuɔ lɛ nɔ lɛ mli. Kɛjɛ nɛkɛ mfoniri nɛɛ mli lɛ, eka shi faŋŋ akɛ UMC, AS, FA kɛ FS nibii ni afee lɛ anɔ hewalɛ ni tsiɔ nii anaa lɛ tee hiɛ waa kɛ nitsumɔ mli nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ ayibɔ ni yaa hiɛ lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, ŋwɛi hewalɛ ni yaa hiɛ lɛ ji nɔ ko bibioo kwraa yɛ AA feemɔ mli. Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri lɛ mli lɛ, FA kɛ FS ni akɛfee MICP ni urea efite lɛ yɛ ŋwɛigbɛ ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛ akɛto MICP ni urea efite lɛ he. Mfoniri 13b tsɔɔ tsakemɔ ni baa TDV mli kɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ ŋwɛi ŋtayaa. Kɛjɛ mfoniri nɛɛ mli lɛ, eka shi faŋŋ akɛ kɛha ŋshɔkei ni ŋwɛi ŋta ni tsiɔ amɛnaa lɛ fe 100 kPa lɛ, threshold stripping velocity lɛ baaho 25 m/s he. Akɛni abaanyɛ asusu in situ surface resistance lɛ he mlɛo kɛtsɔ permeameter nɔ hewɔ lɛ, nɛkɛ nilee nɛɛ baanyɛ aye abua ni asusu TDV he yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ tsɔne mli kaa ni bɛ lɛ mli, ni no baaha etsu nii akɛ nɔ ni tsɔɔ nɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ kɛha ŋmɔ mli nitsumɔi.
Atsɔɔ SEM hetooi lɛ yɛ mfoniri 14. Mfoniri 14a-b tsɔɔ shikpɔŋ nɔ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni atsuuu he nii lɛ mli nibii bibii ni eda lɛ, ni tsɔɔ faŋŋ akɛ eyɛ ekomefeemɔ ni ebɛ adebɔɔ mli tsakpaa loo simenti. 14c tsɔɔ SEM mikrograf ni kɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni akɛ urea-fite MICP tsuɔ he nii lɛ he. Mfoniri nɛɛ tsɔɔ CaCO3 ŋmeii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ akɛ calcite polymorphs. Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ Mfoniri 14d-o lɛ mli lɛ, CaCO3 ni shwieɔ shi lɛ fiɔ nibii bibii lɛ ahe; abaanyɛ ana vaterite kristalo ni yɔɔ ŋwɛigbɛ lɛ hu yɛ SEM mfoniri bibii lɛ amli. Nɔ ni jɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ kɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ amli ba lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ CaCO3 ni afee akɛ vaterite polymorphs lɛ hu baanyɛ aha tsɔne mli hewalɛ ni sa; 350 kPa ni threshold mligbalamɔ oyaiyeli lɛ yaa hiɛ kɛjɛɔ 4.32 kɛyaa nɔ ni fe 25 m/s. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba nɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni jɛ nikasemɔi ni eho lɛ amli ba lɛ kpãa gbee akɛ matrix ni ji MICP-precipitated CaCO3 lɛ ji vaterite, ni yɔɔ tsɔne mli hewalɛ ni sa kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ he hewalɛ13,40 ni ebaanyɛ ekwɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ nɔ yɛ gbii 180 po ni ekɛ ehe wo ŋmɔ mli shihilɛi amli13.
(a, b) SEM mfoniri bibii ni kɔɔ shikpɔŋ ni atsuuu he nii lɛ he, (c) MICP urea fitemɔ nɔkwɛmɔ, (df) AA-ni akɛtsu nii, (gi) AS-ni akɛtsu nii, (jl) FA ni akɛtsu nii, kɛ (mo) FS-ni akɛtsu nii yɛ nitsumɔ mli 3 L/m2 yɛ magnification sɔrɔtoi amli.
Mfoniri 14d-f lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, beni akɛ AA nibii tsu nii sɛɛ lɛ, calcium carbonate lɛ shwie ŋã lɛ nɔ kɛ eteŋ, yɛ be mli ni ana ŋã komɛi ni akɛwooo nɔ lɛ hu. Kɛha AS nibii lɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ CaCO3 ni afee lɛ falɛ eyaaa hiɛ waa moŋ (Mfoniri 6f), shi ŋãi ni CaCO3 kɛbaa lɛ ateŋ nibii ni kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee lɛ tee hiɛ waa kɛ akɛto AA nibii ni afee lɛ ahe (Mfoniri 14g-i).
Kɛjɛ mfoniri 14j-l kɛ 14m-o lɛ mli lɛ, eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, calcium formate ni akɛtsuɔ nii akɛ calcium jɛɛhe lɛ kɛ CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ yaa hiɛ babaoo kɛ akɛto AS compound lɛ he, ni enɛ kɛ calcium mita susumɔi ni yɔɔ mfoniri 6f lɛ mli lɛ kpãa gbee. Etamɔ nɔ ni nɛkɛ CaCO3 ni fata he nɛɛ ji nɔ ni akɛwoɔ ŋã lɛ nɔ titri, ni ehaaa nɔ ni akɛkpeɔ lɛ aya hiɛ. Enɛ maa subaŋ ni ana tsutsu lɛ nɔ mi: yɛ srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ falɛ mli lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ (Mfoniri 6f), gbɛjianɔtoi etɛ (AS, FA kɛ FS) lɛ esoro amɛhe kwraa yɛ anti-eolian (kɔɔyɔɔ) nitsumɔ (Mfoniri 11) kɛ ŋwɛi ŋtayaa (Mfoniri 13a) he.
Bɔni afee ni anyɛ ana CaCO3 ni akɛwo helatsɛmɛi amli lɛ jogbaŋŋ kɛ helatsɛmɛi ahe okadi ni yɔɔ kristalo ni shwieɔ shi lɛ nɔ lɛ, ajie SEM micrographs ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ŋwɛi ni ajie nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ kpo yɛ mfoniri 15 lɛ mli. Mfoniri lɛ hu tsɔɔ tsakpaa ni tsuɔ nii kɛ nɔ ni tsuuu nii ni CaCO3 kɛbaa lɛ. Abaanyɛ amu sane naa akɛ, nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni yaa hiɛ yɛ tsakpaai ni tsuuu nii lɛ amli lɛ haaa tsɔne mli nifeemɔi aya hiɛ babaoo. No hewɔ lɛ, CaCO3 nugbɔshiimɔ ni yaa hiɛ lɛ haaa tsɔne hewalɛ ni nɔ kwɔ aba ni nugbɔshiimɔ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ tsuɔ gbɛfaŋnɔ ko ni he hiaa he nii. Amɛkase sane nɛɛ hu yɛ Terzis kɛ Laloui72 kɛ Soghi kɛ Al-Kabani45,73 anitsumɔi amli. Kɛha wekukpaa ni yɔɔ nugbɔshiimɔ he gbɛjianɔtoo kɛ tsɔne mli hewalɛ teŋ lɛ mlipɛimɔ babaoo lɛ, atsɔɔ MICP nikasemɔi ni akɛ μCT mfonirifeemɔ tsuɔ nii, ni fe nikasemɔ nɛɛ shishitoo mla lɛ (ni ji, ni akɛ calcium jɛɛhe kɛ bacteria ni akɛtoɔ he srɔtoi kɛha MICP ni ammonia bɛ mli lɛ baa).
CaCO3 ha tsakpaa ni tsuɔ nii kɛ nɔ ni tsuuu nii yɛ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛ (a) AS nifeemɔ kɛ (b) FS nifeemɔ tsu he nii lɛ mli ni eshi bacteria cells he okadi yɛ ŋmeii lɛ anɔ.
Taakɛ atsɔɔ yɛ mfoniri 14j-o kɛ 15b lɛ mli lɛ, CaCO sini ko yɛ (tamɔ bɔ ni EDX mlipɛimɔ tsɔɔ lɛ, nibii ni yɔɔ sini lɛ mli lɛ eko fɛɛ eko mli oha mlijaa ji carbon 11%, oxygen 46.62% kɛ calcium 42.39%, ni bɛŋkɛ CaCO oha mlijaa ni yɔɔ mfoniri 16 lɛ mli lɛ waa). Sini nɛɛ haa vaterite kristalo kɛ sũ mli nibii bibii lɛ ahe, ni eyeɔ ebuaa ni sũ-ŋmei gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ hiɔ shi jogbaŋŋ. Ana sini nɛɛ ni yɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛ formate-based formulation tsu nii lɛ pɛ mli.
Table 2 lɛ kɛ ŋwɛi hewalɛ, threshold detachment velocity, kɛ bioinduced CaCO3 ni yɔɔ shikpɔji ni akɛ urea-fitemɔ kɛ nɔ ni fiteee urea MICP gbɛi lɛ tsuɔ nii yɛ nikasemɔi ni eho kɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ toɔ he. Nikasemɔi ni kɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi ni akɛ MICP tsuɔ nii yɛ ŋshɔkei lɛ amli lɛ he lɛ faaa. Meng kɛ ekrokomɛi. 13 yɛ be mli ni yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, aka ŋshɔkei ni jeee urea-degrading dune samples (kɛ agbɛnɛ hu urea-degrading controls) lɛ akwɛ yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ŋshɔ mli ni akɛ substances srɔtoi ejwɛ ni ji bacteria kɛ.
Taakɛ abaanyɛ ana lɛ, nikasemɔi komɛi ni eho lɛ esusu nibii ni akɛtsuɔ nii ni fa fe 4 L/m213,41,74 lɛ he. Ehe miihia ni wɔkadi akɛ, ekolɛ nitsumɔ he nyɔmɔwoo ni nɔ kwɔ lɛ nyɛŋ atsu nii yɛ ŋmɔ lɛ mli yɛ shika helɛtemɔ gbɛfaŋ yɛ shika ni akɛwoɔ nu ni akɛhaa, gbɛfaa kɛ nu babaoo ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ hewɔ. 1.62-2 L/m2 lɛ hu ná ŋwɛi hewalɛ ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni shɛɔ 190 kPa kɛ TDV ni fe 25 m/s. Yɛ nikasemɔ ni yaa nɔ bianɛ lɛ mli lɛ, ŋshɔkei ni akɛ formate-based MICP tsuɔ nii ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ ná hewalɛ ni nɔ kwɔ ni akɛtoɔ nɔ ni anáa kɛtsɔ urea fitemɔ gbɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ he yɛ nitsumɔ mlijaa kome mli (ni ji, nɔkwɛmɔnii ni akɛ formate-based MICP tsu nii ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ hu nyɛ amɛná hewalɛ ni fe taakɛ Meng kɛ ekrokomɛi bɔ amaniɛ lɛ, 13, Mfoniri 13a) yɛ nitsumɔ he nyɔmɔwoo ni nɔ kwɔ mli. L/m2 ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ mli lɛ, calcium carbonate ni anáa kɛjɛɔ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ shi lɛ mli yɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni yaa oya ni ji 25 m/s lɛ mli lɛ ji 2.25% kɛha formate-based MICP ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ, ni bɛŋkɛɔ CaCO3 ni akɛtoɔ duCO43 ni he hiaa lɛ he waa (ie kɛ%) treed. urea fitemɔ yɛ bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii ahaa lɛ nɔŋŋ mli kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni tswaa oya (25 m/s) lɛ nɔŋŋ mli.
No hewɔ lɛ, abaanyɛ amu sane naa kɛjɛ okpɔlɔ nɛɛ nɔ akɛ, urea fitemɔ gbɛ lɛ kɛ urea fitemɔ gbɛ lɛ fɛɛ baanyɛ aha nitsumɔ ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ jogbaŋŋ yɛ ŋwɛi shitee-kɛ-woo kɛ TDV he. Srɔtofeemɔ titri ni yɔɔ mli ji akɛ, gbɛ ni urea bɛ mli ni fiteɔ nii lɛ bɛ ammonia mli, ni no hewɔ lɛ, ebɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ nɔ hewalɛ fioo. Kɛfata he lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni MICP gbɛ ni akɛ formate tsuɔ nii ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli ni atsɔɔ yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ fe gbɛ ni akɛ acetate tsuɔ nii ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ. Eyɛ mli akɛ Mohebbi kɛ ekrokomɛi. kase MICP gbɛ ni damɔ acetate nɔ ni urea fitemɔ bɛ mli lɛ, amɛ nikasemɔ lɛ mli nɔkwɛmɔnii ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ nɔ lɛ fata he9. Yɛ ŋshɔkei ni eddy feemɔ ni bɔleɔ ŋshɔkei lɛ ahe lɛ kɛ ŋshɔkei ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ ni haa TDV baa shi lɛ hewɔ lɛ, akwɛɔ gbɛ akɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni shwieɔ ŋshɔkei lɛ anɔ lɛ baafee nɔ ni yɔɔ faŋŋ fe ŋshɔkei ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ anɔ yɛ oyaiyeli ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ mli lɛ.