Niŋmaa nɛɛ fata niiamlitaomɔ saneyitso ni ji “Tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni akɛtsuɔ nii, tsofai ni gbeɔ helai kɛ niyenii kooloi amli wala yibii bibii” lɛ he. Kwɛmɔ saji 13 lɛ fɛɛ
Organic acids lɛ yaa nɔ ehe hiaa waa akɛ nɔ ni akɛfataa kooloi aniyenii he. Kɛbashi ŋmɛnɛ lɛ, nɔ ni akɛjwɛŋmɔ ema nɔ ji niyenii ni yɔɔ shweshweeshwe, titri lɛ, helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli kɛbaa kooloi kɛ kooloi krokomɛi anɔ lɛ ni abaaba shi. Amrɔ nɛɛ, akaseɔ organic acids babaoo ahe nii loo akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ jarayeli mli momo. Yɛ nibii babaoo ni wala yɔɔ mli ni akase he nii babaoo lɛ ateŋ lɛ, formic acid ji amɛteŋ ekome. Akɛ formic acid woɔ kooloi aniyenii amli koni Salmonella kɛ helai krokomɛi ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ akafee nɔ ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli kɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli beni aye lɛ sɛɛ. Beni shishinumɔ ni kɔɔ bɔ ni formic acid tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii ehaa yɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli kɛ niyenii mli lɛ anɔ lɛ yaa hiɛ lɛ, ebafeɔ faŋŋ akɛ formic acid ni yɔɔ lɛ baanyɛ ajie gbɛi pɔtɛɛ komɛi ni yɔɔ Salmonella mli lɛ kpo. Hetoo nɛɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ni wa waa kɛji formic acid bote fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli ni jeee Salmonella ni ehi fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli momo lɛ pɛ ekɛtsu nii shi moŋ ekɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli nibii bibii ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ hu tsuɔ nii. Nibii amlipɛimɔ lɛ baapɛi nɔ ni jɛ mli ba amrɔ nɛɛ kɛ gbɛkpamɔi ni yɔɔ kɛha niiamlitaomɔ kroko ni kɔɔ kooloi kɛ niyenii ni akɛ formic acid tsuɔ he nii lɛ amli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe lɛ mli.
Yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi akwɛmɔ fɛɛ mli lɛ, kaa lɛ ji ni afee gbɛjianɔtoo he gbɛjianɔtoi ni baaha dalɛ kɛ nibii ni anáa lɛ aya hiɛ yɛ be mli ni atsiɔ niyenii he shweshweeshwefeemɔ he osharai anaa. Yɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ, tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ subtherapeutic mli lɛ eha kooloi ahewalɛ, amɛhilɛ-kɛhamɔ, kɛ nibii ni amɛtsuɔ lɛ etee hiɛ (1–3). Kɛjɛ nifeemɔ gbɛjianɔtoo ko mli lɛ, awie akɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni akɛhaa yɛ subinhibitory concentrations lɛ haa gbɔi lɛ ahetooi kɛtsɔ gastrointestinal (GI) flora lɛ tsakemɔ nɔ, kɛ, yɛ no najiaŋ lɛ, amɛ nifeemɔi kɛ gbɔi lɛ (3). Shi kɛlɛ, haomɔi ni yaa nɔ yɛ bɔ ni tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ baanyɛ agbɛ ashwã kɛ bɔ ni amɛbaanyɛ amɛkɛ helai ni gbeɔ helai ni gbeɔ helai ni yɔɔ adesai amli lɛ abɔ lɛ he lɛ eha ajie tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ niyenii kooloi amli lɛ fiofio (4–8). No hewɔ lɛ, niyenii ni akɛwoɔ niyenii mli kɛ nibii ni haa niyenii lɛ yaa hiɛ ni kɛ hoo lɛ, eshɛɔ taomɔ nii nɛɛ ekomɛi ahe (koolooi ahewalɛ, amɛhilɛ-kɛhamɔ, kɛ nibii ni anáa lɛ ahe nitsumɔ) lɛ ji nɔ ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ waa kɛjɛ nikasemɔ mli niiamlitaomɔ kɛ jarayeli mli hiɛyaa fɛɛ mli (5, 9). Nibii srɔtoi ni akɛwoɔ niyenii ni akɛheɔ jarayeli mli lɛ ebote kooloi aniyenii jarayeli mli, ni nɔ ni fata he ji probiotics, prebiotics, mu ni he hiaa kɛ nibii ni fata he ni jɛ tsei srɔtoi amli, kɛ tsofai tamɔ aldehydes (10–14). Nibii krokomɛi ni akɛwoɔ jarayeli niyenii mli ni afɔɔ nitsumɔ yɛ kooloi amli lɛ ekomɛi ji bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, nibii ni akɛjieɔ akaŋshii kɛjɛɔ mli, kɛ nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (15, 16).
Yɛ tsofai ni akɛwoɔ niyenii mli ni yɔɔ momo lɛ ateŋ lɛ, aldehydes kɛ organic acids ji tsofai ni akaseɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii fe fɛɛ yɛ yinɔsane mli (12, 17–21). Organic acids, titri lɛ fatty acids ni yɔɔ kuku (SCFAs), ji nɔ ni ale jogbaŋŋ ni teɔ shi ewoɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ. Akɛ nɛkɛ organic acids nɛɛ tsuɔ nii akɛ niyenii ni akɛfataa he, jeee koni akɛtsi helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ anaa kɛkɛ, shi moŋ koni akɛtsu nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli nitsumɔ nɔ (17, 20–24). Kɛfata he lɛ, SCFAs lɛ jɛɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli tsei ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ amli lɛ mli, ni asusuɔ akɛ etsuɔ ​​gbɛfaŋnɔ ko ni he hiaa waa yɛ nyɛmɔ ni probiotics kɛ prebiotics komɛi yɔɔ ni amɛkɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ mli lɛ mli (21, 23, 25).
Yɛ afii ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, fatty acids srɔtoi ni yɔɔ kuku (SCFAs) lɛ egbala mɛi babaoo ajwɛŋmɔ kɛba amɛnɔ akɛ niyenii ni akɛwoɔ niyenii mli. Yɛ gbɛ titri ko nɔ lɛ, propionate, butyrate, kɛ formate ji nibii ni akaseɔ babaoo kɛ jarayeli nitsumɔi (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Yɛ be mli ni mra be mli nikasemɔi lɛ kɔɔ helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ anɔkwɛmɔ nɔ yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ, nikasemɔi ni afee nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ etsake amɛjwɛŋmɔ kɛtee kooloi anitsumɔ kɛ amɛmli hewalɛnamɔ nɔyaa fɛɛ nɔ (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, kɛ butyrate egbala mɛi babaoo ajwɛŋmɔ kɛba amɛnɔ akɛ nibii ni akɛfataa niyenii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ he, ni formic acid hu ji nɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ (21, 23). Akɛ jwɛŋmɔ babaoo ema niyenii he shweshweeshwefeemɔ he nibii ni kɔɔ formic acid he lɛ anɔ, titri lɛ, helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ ni baa shi yɛ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ nɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, asusuɔ nibii krokomɛi ni abaanyɛ akɛtsu nii hu ahe. Oti ni ma nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ hiɛ fɛɛ ji ni epɛi yinɔsane kɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ amrɔ nɛɛ ni kɔɔ formic acid he akɛ nɔ ni haa kooloi aniyenii yaa hiɛ lɛ mli (Mfoniri 1). Yɛ nikasemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, wɔbaapɛi bɔ ni formic acid lɛ tsuɔ nii kɛgbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ mli. Kɛfata he lɛ, wɔbaakwɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii ehaa yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi anɔ lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ, ni wɔbaasusu gbɛi ni abaanyɛ atsɔ nɔ aha etsu nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ ahe.
Fig. 1. Mind map ni kɔɔ saji otii ni awie he yɛ nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ he. Yɛ otii titrii ni nyiɛ sɛɛ nɛɛ anɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ yinɔsane kɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ amrɔ nɛɛ akɛ nɔ ni haa kooloi aniyenii yaa hiɛ, bɔ ni formic acid lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa kɛ bɔ ni ekɛ nitsumɔ tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi ahewalɛ nɔ, kɛ gbɛi ni abaanyɛ atsɔ nɔ aha etsu nii jogbaŋŋ.
Niyenii ni akɛhaa kooloi kɛ kooloi lɛ feemɔ ji nitsumɔ ko ni wa ni gbɛi babaoo fata he, ni nɔ ni fata he ji ŋmaa ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ (tamɔ, ŋmɔshi nibii ni akɛbaa shi), thermal nitsumɔ kɛha pellets, kɛ niyenii mli hewalɛ nibii babaoo ni akɛfataa niyenii lɛ he ni damɔ niyenii pɔtɛɛ ni kooloo lɛ yɔɔ lɛ nɔ (27). Kɛ akɛ nɛkɛ shihilɛ ni mli wa nɛɛ to he lɛ, ebɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ niyenii ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ haa ŋmaa lɛ naa shihilɛ mli nibii srɔtoi dani eshɛɔ niyenii afeemɔ he lɛ, yɛ be mli ni afeɔ lɛ, kɛ no sɛɛ lɛ, yɛ be mli ni akɛyaa he kroko kɛ niyenii ni akɛhaa yɛ niyenii ni akɛfee ekome lɛ mli (9, 21, 28). No hewɔ lɛ, yɛ afii ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, ana nibii bibii akuu ko ni yɔɔ srɔtoi waa yɛ niyenii mli, ni jeee helatsɛmɛi pɛ fata he, shi moŋ helatsɛmɛi ni gbeɔ helatsɛmɛi, ŋmeii, kɛ ŋmeii hu fata he (9, 21, 28–31). Nɛkɛ nibii ni fiteɔ nii nɛɛ ekomɛi, tamɔ ŋmeii komɛi, baanyɛ afee mycotoxins ni kɛ hewalɛnamɔ he osharai baa kooloi anɔ lɛ aba (32–35).
Muawai ayibɔ baanyɛ afee srɔtoi ni edamɔ gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ kɛ he ni nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ jɛɔ lɛ nɔ kɛyashɛɔ he ko. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, nibii bibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe saji baanyɛ afee srɔto dani hulutsoo tsamɔ ni kɛ pelleting (36) baa lɛ baatsu nii. Eyɛ mli akɛ blema kusum kɛ gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ akɛwoɔ plɛte nɔ lɛ eha ana saji komɛi moŋ, shi 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) gbɛ lɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ eha ana niyenii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ mli nibii bibii akutso lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ (9). Beni Solanki kɛ ekrokomɛi. (37) pɛi bacteria microbiome ni yɔɔ ŋmaa ŋmaa ni ato be ko yɛ phosphine, ni ji tsofa ko ni gbeɔ kooloi lɛ ahiɛ lɛ mli lɛ, amɛna akɛ microbiome lɛ yɛ srɔtoi babaoo yɛ ŋmaakpamɔ sɛɛ kɛ nyɔji 3 ni akɛto lɛ sɛɛ. Agbɛnɛ hu, Solanki kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 37 ) (37) tsɔɔ akɛ, tsɛŋemɔ helai ni ji Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, kɛ Planctomyces ji tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yeɔ nɔ yɛ ŋmaa ŋmaa mli, Bacillus, Erwinia, kɛ Pseudomonas ji tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yeɔ nɔ, ni Enterobacteriaceae lɛ feɔ minor. Kɛtsɔ taxonomic nɔtomɔi anɔ lɛ, amɛmu sane naa akɛ phosphine fumigation tsakeɔ helatsɛmɛi ayibɔ jogbaŋŋ shi enaaa fungal srɔtoi lɛ anɔ hewalɛ.
Solanki kɛ ekrokomɛi. (37) tsɔɔ akɛ niyenii ni akɛhaa lɛ hu baanyɛ ahi niyenii mli helai ni baanyɛ ekɛ maŋ hewalɛnamɔ he naagbai aba lɛ nɔ yɛ Enterobacteriaceae ni ana yɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ amli lɛ nɔ. Akɛ helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa tamɔ Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, kɛ Listeria monocytogenes lɛ ebɔ kooloi aniyenii kɛ ŋshɔŋlooi ahe (9, 31, 38). Amrɔ nɛɛ aleee bɔ ni helai krokomɛi ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ hiɔ shi yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ. Ge kɛ ekrokomɛi. (39) kwɛ kooloi aniyenii mli nibii ni fa fe 200 mli ni amɛjie Salmonella, E. coli, kɛ Enterococci kɛjɛ mli, shi amɛnaaa E. coli O157:H7 loo Campylobacter. Shi kɛlɛ, matrices tamɔ niyenii ni egbi baanyɛ afee hela ni gbeɔ mɔ ni ji E. coli lɛ jɛɛhe. Yɛ afi 2016 mli Shiga hela ni gbeɔ mɔ ni ji Escherichia coli (STEC) ni ji O121 kɛ O26 ni kɛ gbɔmɔ hela baa lɛ jɛɛhe lɛ taomɔ mli lɛ, Crowe kɛ ekrokomɛi. (40) kɛ whole-genome sequencing tsu nii ni ekɛ helatsamɔhe nibii ni ajie kɛjɛ mli lɛ to nibii ni ajie kɛjɛ niyenii mli lɛ ahe. Amɛdamɔ nɔ ni akɛtoɔ he nɛɛ nɔ amɛmu sane naa akɛ ekolɛ nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji ŋmaa ashikiŋsha ni mli edɔɔɔ ni jɛ ashikishaŋfeemɔ hei lɛ. Nibii ni yɔɔ ŋmaa ashikiŋsha mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ STEC baanyɛ ahi shi yɛ kooloi aniyenii ni mli ejɔ fioo lɛ hu mli. Shi kɛlɛ, taakɛ Crowe kɛ ekrokomɛi tsɔɔ lɛ. ( 40 ) kadimɔ akɛ, STEC ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ ashikiŋsha nɔkwɛmɔnii amli lɛ wa ni ebiɔ gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ helai ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ amli koni anyɛ ana helatsɛmɛi amli wala yibii ni fa bɔ ni sa. Gbɛi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni akɛtaoɔ helai amli lɛ hu baanyɛ aha helai ni baa mɔ nɔ ni anaaa lɛ ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ anaa kɛ amɛhe ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ afee nɔ ni wa. Ekolɛ bɔ ni ewa akɛ aaana lɛ hu jɛ nɛkɛ helai nɛɛ ni hiɔ shi be kakadaŋŋ yɛ matrices ni mli edɔ fioo lɛ amli lɛ hewɔ. Forghani kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 41 ) tsɔɔ akɛ, ŋmaa ashikiŋsha ni akɛtoɔ ŋwɛi fɛ̃i mli ni akɛ tsofa ni ji Escherichia coli (EHEC) ni ji O45, O121, kɛ O145 kɛ Salmonella (S. ni anyɛɔ ayɔseɔ lolo yɛ otsii 24 kɛ 52 mli.
Yɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ, ajieee Campylobacter kɛjɛko kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli pɛŋ kɛtsɔ kusum nifeemɔi anɔ (38, 39), eyɛ mli akɛ abaanyɛ ajie Campylobacter kɛjɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi anibii amli oya (42, 43). Shi kɛlɛ, niyenii yɛ sɛɛnamɔi lolo akɛ nɔ ni baanyɛ ajɛ mli aba. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Alves kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 44 ) tsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ C. jejuni wo tsina niyenii ni ewo fɔ lɛ mli, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ niyenii lɛ to he ko ni hulutsoo be sɔrɔtoi enyɔ yɔɔ mli gbii 3 loo 5 lɛ, no haa C. jejuni ni baanyɛ ahi shi lɛ baa shi, ni yɛ shihilɛi komɛi amli lɛ, amɛyaa hiɛ po. Amɛmu sane naa akɛ, C. jejuni baanyɛ ahi shi diɛŋtsɛ yɛ kooloi aniyenii mli, ni no hewɔ lɛ, ebaanyɛ efee nɔ ni baanyɛ aha kooloi aná hela.
Salmonella ni yɔɔ kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ ená jwɛŋmɔ babaoo yɛ be ni eho lɛ mli ni eji nɔ ni mɔdɛŋbɔɔ ni yaa nɔ lɛ susuɔ he lolo koni afee gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ anaa nibii ni kɔɔ niyenii he pɔtɛɛ, ni ana gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ akudɔɔ hela lɛ jogbaŋŋ (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Yɛ afii ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, nikasemɔi babaoo epɛi bɔ ni Salmonella lɛ jeɔ kpo kɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ ha lɛ mli yɛ niyenii afeemɔ hei srɔtoi kɛ niyenii afeemɔ hei (38, 39, 54–61). Yɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, nikasemɔi nɛɛ tsɔɔ akɛ abaanyɛ ajie Salmonella kɛjɛ niyenii mli nibii srɔtoi, niyenii jɛɛhei, niyenii henɔi, kɛ niyenii feemɔ nitsumɔi amli. Bɔ ni hela lɛ gbɛɔ eshwaa kɛ bɔ ni Salmonella serotypes ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ fa ha lɛ hu yɛ srɔtoi. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Li kɛ ekrokomɛi. (57) lɛ ma nɔ mi akɛ Salmonella spp. Ana yɛ 12.5% ​​yɛ 2058 nɔkwɛmɔnii ni abua naa kɛjɛ kooloi aniyenii ni eye emuu, niyenii mli nibii, kooloi aniyenii, kooloi aniyenii, kɛ kooloi niyenii ni akɛfataa he yɛ 2002 kɛyashi 2009 saji ni abua naa lɛ mli. Kɛfata he lɛ, tsɛŋemɔ helai ni afɔɔ naa waa ni ana yɛ Salmonella nɔkwɛmɔnii 12.5% ​​ni ana akɛ amɛyɛ hela lɛ ji S. Senftenberg kɛ S. Montevideo (57). Yɛ niyenii ni asaa he kɛ kooloi aniyenii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ he nikasemɔ ko ni afee yɛ Texas lɛ mli lɛ, Hsieh kɛ ekrokomɛi. (58) bɔ amaniɛ akɛ Salmonella ni fa fe fɛɛ yɛ loo mli, ni kooloi amli niyenii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ nyiɛɔ sɛɛ, ni S. Mbanka kɛ S. Montevideo ji helai ni afɔɔ naa waa. Niyenii ŋmɔji hu jieɔ hei srɔtoi ni baanyɛ aha niyenii lɛ mli awo muji lɛ kpo yɛ be mli ni akɛfutuɔ nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ mli (9, 56, 61). Magossi kɛ ekrokomɛi. (61) nyɛ amɛtsɔɔ akɛ mujiwoo hei babaoo baanyɛ aba yɛ niyenii ni afeɔ yɛ United States lɛ mli. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Magossi kɛ ekrokomɛi. (61) na kɛ hoo lɛ Salmonella kusum kpakpa kome yɛ niyenii afeemɔ hei 11 (hei 12 ni akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ fee fɛɛ) yɛ maji kpaanyɔ ni yɔɔ United States lɛ amli. Kɛ akɛto bɔ ni Salmonella hela baanyɛ afite yɛ niyenii he nitsumɔ, gbɛfaa, kɛ daa gbi niyenii hamɔ mli lɛ he lɛ, ebɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ abɔ mɔdɛŋ waa koni afee niyenii ni akɛfataa he ni baanyɛ aha helai bibii ni baa mɔ mli lɛ aba shi ni ehi shi yɛ kooloi lɛ afeemɔ be lɛ mli fɛɛ.
Nɔ ko fioo pɛ ale yɛ bɔ ni Salmonella tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ formic acid he lɛ he. Shi kɛlɛ, Huang kɛ ekrokomɛi. (62) tsɔɔ akɛ formic acid yɛ kooloi ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ amli, ni akɛ Salmonella spp. lɛ baanyɛ afee formic acid. Huang kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 62 ) Kɛ gbɛi titrii ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ amli tsakemɔi ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ tsu nii koni ekɛna bɔ ni Salmonella hela lɛ mli wala yibii lɛ jieɔ amɛhe kpo amɛhaa lɛ, ni ena akɛ formate baanyɛ atsu nii akɛ okadi ni gbɛɔ eshwaa ni baaha Salmonella atutua Hep-2 epithelial cells lɛ. Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ, Liu kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 63 ) ejie formate tsɔne ko, FocA, kɛjɛ Salmonella typhimurium ni tsuɔ nii akɛ formate gbɛ pɔtɛɛ ko yɛ pH 7.0 shi ebaanyɛ etsu nii hu akɛ gbɛ ni akɛyaa maŋsɛɛ ni tsuuu nii yɛ kponɔgbɛ pH ni nɔ kwɔ mli loo akɛ gbɛ ni ji enyɔ ni tsuɔ nii ni akɛyaa maŋsɛɛ/hydrogen ion ni akɛbaa maŋsɛɛ yɛ pH ni baa shi lɛ mli. Shi kɛlɛ, afee nikasemɔ nɛɛ yɛ S. Typhimurium hela kome pɛ nɔ. Sanebimɔ lɛ kã he eji akɛ ani serotypes fɛɛ tsuɔ formic acid he nii kɛtsɔɔ gbɛi ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ nɔ. Enɛ ji niiamlitaomɔ sanebimɔ ko ni he hiaa waa ni esa akɛ atsu he nii yɛ wɔsɛɛ nikasemɔi amli lolo. Ekɔɔɔ he eko nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ, eji nilee akɛ akɛ Salmonella serotypes babaoo loo serotype fɛɛ serotype henɔi babaoo po baatsu nii yɛ tsɔne ni akɛkwɛɔ nii amli lɛ mli beni afee ŋaawoi ni kɔɔ acid supplements ni akɛtsuɔ nii koni akɛba Salmonella ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ shi lɛ he lɛ. Gbɛi heei, tamɔ bɔ ni akɛ genetic barcoding tsuɔ nii koni akɛwo tsɛŋemɔ helai amli koni akɛyoo srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ kui bibii srɔtoi ni yɔɔ serotype kome mli lɛ ateŋ (9, 64), haa hegbɛ ni akɛyooɔ srɔtofeemɔi ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni baanyɛ aná naagbee wiemɔi kɛ srɔtofeemɔi lɛ ashishitsɔɔmɔ nɔ hewalɛ.
Tsofa su kɛ bɔ ni formate mligbalamɔ yɔɔ ha lɛ hu baanyɛ afee nɔ ni he hiaa. Yɛ nikasemɔi ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ amli lɛ, Beyer kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 65–67 ) tsɔɔ akɛ Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, kɛ Campylobacter coli ni tsiɔ mɔ naa lɛ kɛ fɔmɔ nii ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ falɛ yɔɔ tsakpaa ni ejɛɛɛ pH loo fɔmɔ nii ni ajieee lɛ mli lɛ he. Etamɔ nɔ ni tsofa ni ji formate ni helatsɛmɛi lɛ kɛkpeɔ lɛ hu he hiaa waa. Kovanda kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 68 ) Ekwɛ Gram-negative kɛ Gram-positive nibii babaoo amli ni ekɛ tsɔne ni tsiɔ nii anaa lɛ mli nibii ni baa shi fe fɛɛ (MICs) ni ji sodium fɔmɔte (500–25,000 mg/L) kɛ sodium fɔmɔte kɛ fɔmɔ nii ni aheee nɔ ko ni akɛfutuɔ (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L) lɛ to he. Kɛtsɔ MIC shishitoo mlai anɔ lɛ, amɛna akɛ sodium formate lɛ ji nɔ ni tsiɔ Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, kɛ Streptococcus pneumoniae pɛ naa, shi jeee Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, loo Enterococcus faecalis. Nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ enɛ lɛ, sodium formate kɛ free sodium formate ni akɛfutu mli lɛ tsiɔ nibii fɛɛ ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anaa, ni no ha niŋmalɔi lɛ mu sane naa akɛ free formic acid lɛ yɛ nibii ni gbeɔ helai babaoo. E maa pee nɔ́ nɛ ngɛ bua jɔmi kaa wa maa hyɛ tsopa enyɔ nɛ ɔmɛ a mi slɔɔtoslɔɔto ɔmɛ a mi konɛ waa na kaa MIC ɔ he jua wami ɔmɛ kɛ formic acid nɛ ngɛ tsopa nɛ a kɛ futu mi ɔ mi ɔ kpãa gbee, kɛ bɔ nɛ 100% formic acid ɔ heto ha a.
Gomez-Garcia kɛ ekrokomɛi. (69) ka mu ni he hiaa kɛ tsofai ni wala yɔɔ mli (tamɔ formic acid) ni akɛfee ekome lɛ amɛkwɛ Escherichia coli, Salmonella, kɛ Clostridium perfringens ni ajie kɛjɛ tsinabii amli lɛ babaoo. Amɛka bɔ ni organic acids enumɔ, ni formic acid fata he, kɛ mu ni he hiaa enumɔ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ amɛkwɛ, ni amɛkɛ formaldehyde tsu nii akɛ nɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni akɛkwɛɔ nɔ. Gomez-Garsia kɛ ekrokomɛi. (69) tsɔɔ bɔ ni formic acid ni ji Escherichia coli (600 kɛ 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 kɛ 2400 ppm, 4), kɛ Clostridium perfringens (1200 kɛ 2400 ppm, 4), kɛ Clostridium perfringens (1200 kɛ 2400 ppm) ni ana lɛ tsuɔ nii fe a, nibii fɛɛ ni wala yɔɔ mli ni teɔ shi woɔ E. coli kɛ Salmonella. (69) Formic acid lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ eshiɔ Escherichia coli kɛ Salmonella yɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ bibioo kɛ bɔ ni ekɛ tsɔne lɛ sɛɛ tsɛɔ lɛ hewɔ (70).
Beyer kɛ ekrokomɛi. kwɛ Campylobacter tsɛŋemɔ helai ni ajie kɛjɛ tsina mli (66) kɛ Campylobacter jejuni tsɛŋemɔ helai ni ajie kɛjɛ kooloi amli (67) ni etsɔɔ akɛ formic acid lɛ fãa yɛ shweremɔ ni kɛ MIC hetooi ni asusuɔ kɛha bɔɔ nii krokomɛi ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ kpãa gbee lɛ mli. Shi kɛlɛ, abi nɛkɛ acids nɛɛ ahewalɛ ni kɔɔ formic acid he lɛ he sane ejaakɛ Campylobacter baanyɛ ekɛ nɛkɛ acids nɛɛ atsu nii akɛ nɔ ni akɛwoɔ shishi (66, 67). Acid ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ C. jejuni mli lɛ efeee naakpɛɛ ejaakɛ atsɔɔ akɛ eyɛ nɔ ko ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, C. jejuni bɛ nyɛmɔ ni fa kɛha niyenii ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ ni ekɛ ehe fɔ̃ɔ gluconeogenesis ni jɛɔ amino acids kɛ organic acids mli lɛ nɔ kɛha ehewalɛ ni ekɛtsakeɔ nii kɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ amli nitsumɔi babaoo (71, 72). Nikasemɔ ko ni Line kɛ ekrokomɛi fee mra. (73) kɛ tsɔne ko ni haa kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon 190 yɔɔ mli lɛ tsu nii ni etsɔɔ akɛ C. jejuni 11168(GS) baanyɛ ekɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ atsu nii akɛ carbon jɛɛhei, ni amɛteŋ babaoo ji tricarboxylic acid sɛɛkuu lɛ teŋgbɛ nibii. Nikasemɔi krokomɛi ni Wagli kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ. ( 74 ) kɛtsɔ tsɔne ni akɛtsuɔ nii ni ji carbon ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ nɔ lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ C. jejuni kɛ E. coli henɔi ni akwɛ mli yɛ amɛ nikasemɔ lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ ada yɛ organic acids nɔ akɛ carbon jɛɛhe. Formate ji electron halɔ titri kɛha C. jejuni mumɔ hewalɛ tsakemɔ ni, no hewɔ lɛ, hewalɛ jɛɛhe titri kɛha C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni nyɛɔ ekɛ formate tsuɔ nii akɛ hydrogen halɔ kɛtsɔ fɔmati dehydrogenase ni yɔɔ tsɔne mli ni haa formate lɛ feɔ carbon dioxide, proton, kɛ electrons ni etsuɔ ​​nii akɛ electron halɔ kɛha mumɔ (72).
Formic acid lɛ yɛ yinɔsane kakadaŋŋ ni akɛtsuɔ nii akɛ tsofa ni haa helai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ yeɔ jogbaŋŋ, shi kooloi komɛi hu baanyɛ afee formic acid ni akɛtsu nii akɛ tsofa ni gbeɔ helai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ. Rossini kɛ ekrokomɛi. (76) tsɔɔ akɛ ekolɛ formic acid ji nɔ ko ni yɔɔ ŋmeii amli nu ni mli edɔ ni Ray (77) tsɔɔ mli aaafee afii 350 ni eho nɛ lɛ mli. Kɛjɛ nakai beaŋ kɛbaa nɛɛ, bɔ ni wɔnuɔ formic acid ni afeɔ yɛ ŋmeii kɛ kooloi krokomɛi amli lɛ shishi wɔhaa lɛ etee hiɛ waa, ni ale amrɔ nɛɛ akɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɛɛ fata gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni mli wa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ he yɛ kooloi amli (78). Ale kooloi akui srɔtoi, ni ŋmeii ni bɛ ŋmeii, ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii (Hymenoptera: Apidae), shikpɔŋ nɔ ŋmeii (Galerita lecontei kɛ G. janus), ŋmeii ni bɛ ŋmeii (Formicinae), kɛ ŋmeii komɛi ni bɛ ŋmeii (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga) fata he lɛ akɛ amɛfeɔ formic acid akɛ nɔ ni buɔ mɔ he,2–8).
Ekolɛ ŋmeii ji mɛi ni ale amɛ jogbaŋŋ ejaakɛ amɛyɛ acidocytes, ni ji ŋmeii krɛdɛɛi ni haa amɛshwieɔ tsofa fɔŋ ko ni formic acid titri yɔɔ mli lɛ nɔ (82). Akpɔlɔi lɛ kɛ serine tsuɔ nii akɛ nɔ ni tsɔɔ hiɛ ni amɛkɛ formate babaoo toɔ amɛ venom glands lɛ amli, ni amɛbuɔ ŋmeii ni hereɔ amɛ lɛ ahe kɛjɛɔ formate ni ji cytotoxicity lɛ he kɛyashiɔ be mli ni ashwieɔ nɔ (78, 83). Formic acid ni amɛjieɔ lɛ baanyɛ (1) atsu nii akɛ alarm pheromone ni baagbala ŋmeii krokomɛi; (2) efee tsofa ni buɔ mɔ he kɛjɛɔ akaŋshilɔi kɛ kooloi ni yeɔ mɛi anɔ lɛ ahe; kɛ (3) etsuɔ ​​nii akɛ nɔ ni gbeɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai kɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ kɛji akɛ akɛ resin fata he akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nibii lɛ fã (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid ni ŋmeii feɔ lɛ yɛ hewalɛ ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ, ni tsɔɔ akɛ abaanyɛ akɛtsu nii akɛ nɔ ko ni akɛwoɔ mɔ he. Enɛ ji nɔ ni Bruch kɛ ekrokomɛi jie lɛ kpo. (88), ni kɛ formic acid ni afee lɛ diɛŋtsɛ fata ŋmɔtɔ lɛ he ni eha ŋmɔtɔ ni gbeɔ ŋmɔtɔ lɛ nitsumɔ lɛ tee hiɛ jogbaŋŋ. Odaseyeli kroko ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni formic acid tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii ehaa yɛ wala mli lɛ ji akɛ, ŋmeii wuji ni nyɛɛɛ afee musu mli acid lɛ yeɔ ŋmeii ni formic acid yɔɔ mli lɛ koni amɛha amɛhe formic acid ni mli eyi obɔ akɛ nɔ kroko ni akɛbaatsu nii yɛ niyenii ni shwieɔ shi lɛ mli (89).
Asusu bɔ ni akɛ formic acid tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ okwaayeli mli lɛ he ni akase lɛ afii babaoo nɛ. Titri lɛ, abaanyɛ akɛ formic acid atsu nii akɛ nɔ ni akɛfataa kooloi aniyenii kɛ ŋmɔshi nibii ahe. Asusuɔ sodium formate ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ kɛ nu mli lɛ fɛɛ he akɛ eyɛ shweshweeshwe kɛha kooloi srɔtoi fɛɛ, mɛi ni yeɔ lɛ kɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ (90). Kɛjɛ amɛ sɛɛyoomɔ (90) lɛ nɔ lɛ, abuɔ akɛ 10,000 mg ni fa fe fɛɛ ni ji formic acid ni tamɔ 10,000 mg/kg niyenii lɛ ji nɔ ni hi kɛha kooloi srɔtoi fɛɛ, yɛ be mli ni abuɔ akɛ 12,000 mg ni fa fe fɛɛ ni ji formic acid ni tamɔ 12,000 mg/kg niyenii lɛ ji nɔ ni hi kɛha tsinai. Akɛ afii babaoo ekase bɔ ni akɛ formic acid tsuɔ nii akɛ nɔ ni haa kooloi aniyenii yaa hiɛ lɛ he nii. Abuɔ lɛ akɛ eyɛ jarayeli sɛɛnamɔ akɛ nɔ ni akɛbuɔ silage he kɛ nɔ ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli yɛ kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli.
Nibii ni akɛwoɔ tsofai amli tamɔ acids lɛ ji nɔ ko ni he hiaa waa yɛ silage feemɔ kɛ niyenii akwɛmɔ mli be fɛɛ be (91, 92). Boreani kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 91 ) Ekadi akɛ, bɔni afee ni anyɛ afee ŋmãa ni hi jogbaŋŋ lɛ, ehe miihia ni akwɛ niyenii ni akɛhaa lɛ nɔ jogbaŋŋ yɛ be mli ni ahiɛɔ nibii ni egbi babaoo mli bɔ ni aaanyɛ. Nɔ ni jɛɔ nɛkɛ nitsumɔ nɛɛ mli baa ji nibii ni laajeɔ lɛ ni baa shi yɛ ensiling nifeemɔ lɛ mli fãi fɛɛ amli: kɛjɛ shishijee aerobic shihilɛi ni yɔɔ silo lɛ mli lɛ nɔ kɛyashi sɛɛ mli lɛ, ŋmɔtɔ, nitoo kɛ silo lɛ gbelemɔ ekoŋŋ kɛha niyenii. Awie gbɛi pɔtɛɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ afeɔ ŋmɔ mli ŋmeii kɛ ŋmeii ni nyiɛɔ sɛɛ lɛ ahe fitsofitso yɛ he kroko (91, 93-95) ni awieŋ he fitsofitso yɛ biɛ. Naagba titri lɛ ji oxidative fitemɔ ni yeast kɛ molds kɛbaa beni oxygen yɔɔ silage lɛ mli lɛ (91, 92). No hewɔ lɛ, akɛ tsofai ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli kɛ tsofai ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ ewo mli koni akɛtsi nibii gbohii ni jɛɔ nibii ni fiteɔ lɛ amli baa lɛ naa (91, 92). Nibii krokomɛi ni esa akɛ asusu he kɛha nibii ni akɛwoɔ ŋmãa mli lɛ ekomɛi ji ni ajie helai ni baanyɛ ahi ŋmãa mli lɛ agbɛfaŋnɔ (tamɔ, helai ni gbeɔ mɔ E. coli, Listeria, kɛ Salmonella) kɛ agbɛnɛ hu ŋmeii ni feɔ mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack kɛ ekrokomɛi. (92) ja nibii ni akɛwoɔ acid mli lɛ mli ewo kui enyɔ mli. Acid tamɔ propionic, acetic, sorbic, kɛ benzoic acids lɛ haa ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii amli lɛ hiɔ shi jogbaŋŋ kɛ́ akɛha kooloi ni yeɔ ŋmeii lɛ kɛtsɔ ŋmeii kɛ ŋmeii ni haa ŋmeii lɛ daraa lɛ nɔ (92). Mack kɛ ekrokomɛi. (92) gbala formic acid kɛjɛ acid krokomɛi amli ni ebu lɛ akɛ eji nɔ ko ni haa acid feɔ tɛ̃ɛ ni tsiɔ clostridia kɛ nibii bibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ anaa, yɛ be mli ni ehiɛɔ silage protein lɛ mli emuuyeli mli. Yɛ nitsumɔ mli lɛ, amɛ ŋmei henɔi lɛ ji tsofai henɔi ni afɔɔ feemɔ fe fɛɛ koni akɛtsi ŋmei ni bɛ ŋmei mli lɛ mli nibii ni fiteɔ nii lɛ anaa (91). Nibii amlitaomɔ kui babaoo hu ekase formic acid akɛ eji nɔ ko ni akɛfataa acid he kɛha silage. Ale Formic acid yɛ bɔ ni enyɛɔ ehaa ŋmɔtɔ baa oya kɛ bɔ ni etsiɔ nibii bibii ni yeɔ mɔ awui ni haa ŋmɔtɔ mli protein kɛ carbohydrate ni yɔɔ nu mli lɛ baa shi lɛ adalɛ naa lɛ hewɔ (99). No hewɔ lɛ, Lɛ kɛ ekrokomɛi. (92) kɛ formic acid to nibii ni akɛwoɔ ŋmãa mli lɛ ahe. (100) tsɔɔ akɛ formic acid baanyɛ atsĩ Escherichia coli naa ni eha pH ni yɔɔ ŋmãa mli lɛ aba shi. Akɛ bacteria kusumii ni feɔ formic kɛ lactic acid lɛ hu fata silage he koni ekɛwo acidfeemɔ kɛ organic acid feemɔ mli hewalɛ (101). Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Cooley kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 101 ) Na akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ 3% (w/v) formic acid wo silage mli lɛ, lactic kɛ formic acid ni ajieɔ lɛ feɔ 800 kɛ 1000 mg organic acid/100 g nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Mack kɛ ekrokomɛi. (92) kwɛ silage additive niiamlitaomɔ woji lɛ amli fitsofitso, ni nikasemɔi ni akala kɛjɛ afi 2000 ni kɛ amɛjwɛŋmɔ ma formic acid kɛ acid krokomɛi anɔ kɛ/loo amɛfata he lɛ fata he. No hewɔ lɛ, nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ ewieŋ nikasemɔi aŋkroaŋkroi ahe fitsofitso shi moŋ ebaagba otii titrii komɛi ni kɔɔ bɔ ni formic acid tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ akɛ tsofa ni akɛwoɔ ŋmɔ mli lɛ he lɛ mli kuku kɛkɛ. Atsɔse formic acid ni bɛ mli kɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ mli lɛ fɛɛ he nii ni yɛ bei pii amli lɛ Clostridium spp. E nitsumɔi ni kɔɔ he (carbohydrate, protein, kɛ lactate ni anáa kɛ butyrate ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli) lɛ baa shi, yɛ be mli ni ammonia kɛ butyrate ni ajieɔ lɛ baa shi ni nibii ni egbi ni ahiɛɔ lɛ yaa hiɛ (92). Husu yɛ bɔ ni formic acid lɛ tsuɔ nii eha lɛ he, shi etamɔ nɔ ni kɛ akɛtsu nii akɛ silage additive ni akɛ acid krokomɛi fata he lɛ, eyeɔ saji nɛɛ ekomɛi anɔ kunim (92).
Formic acid baanyɛ atsĩ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ ni kɛ oshara baa gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ nɔ lɛ naa. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Pauly kɛ Tam (102) kɛ L. monocytogenes ni mli eyi obɔ kɛ nibii ni egbi srɔtoi etɛ (200, 430, kɛ 540 g/kg) ni ji ryegrass lɛ wo laboratorii bibii amli, ni no sɛɛ lɛ amɛkɛ formic acid (3 ml/kg) loo lactic acid bacteria (8 × 1g) fata he. Amɛbɔ amaniɛ akɛ tsofafeemɔi enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ ha L. monocytogenes lɛ ba shi kɛyashɛ he ko ni anyɛɛɛ ana yɛ ŋmeii ni egbi ni baa shi lɛ mli (200 g/kg). Shi, yɛ ŋmeii ni mli egbi ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ (430 g/kg) lɛ mli lɛ, ana L. monocytogenes lolo yɛ gbii 30 sɛɛ yɛ ŋmeii ni akɛ formic acid etsu nii yɛ mli lɛ mli. Etamɔ nɔ ni L. monocytogenes ni baa shi lɛ kɛ pH ni baa shi, lactic acid, kɛ acid ni akɛfataa he ni bɛ tsakpaa lɛ yɔɔ tsakpaa. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Pauly kɛ Tam (102) yɔse akɛ lactic acid kɛ acid ni akɛfataa he ni bɛ tsakpaa lɛ he hiaa waa, ni ekolɛ no ji nɔ ni ha anaaa L. monocytogenes lɛ nɔbaa yɛ formic acid ni akɛtsu nii yɛ mli lɛ mli kɛjɛ silages ni nibii ni egbi babaoo yɔɔ mli lɛ mli. Esa akɛ afee nikasemɔi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ wɔsɛɛ kɛha silage helai krokomɛi ni afɔɔ namɔ tamɔ Salmonella kɛ helai ni gbeɔ E. coli. 16S rDNA sɛɛkuu mlipɛimɔ ni mli kwɔ fe fɛɛ ni kɔɔ silage mli nibii bibii akutso muu lɛ fɛɛ he lɛ hu baanyɛ aye abua ni ana tsakemɔi ni baa yɛ silage mli nibii bibii akutso lɛ fɛɛ mli ni baa yɛ silage mli ŋmɔtɔ mli fãi srɔtoi amli yɛ formic acid (103) ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ mli. Microbiome he saji ni anáa lɛ baanyɛ aha yelikɛbuamɔ ni akɛpɛiɔ nii amli koni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni ŋmɔshi nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ yaa hiɛ ehaa lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ ni akɛfee nibii ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni akɛfataa he koni akɛkwɛ ŋmɔshi nibii ni hi jogbaŋŋ lɛ anɔ.
Yɛ kooloi aniyenii ni akɛ ŋmaa fee lɛ mli lɛ, akɛ formic acid tsuɔ nii akɛ tsofa ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ anaa yɛ niyenii srɔtoi ni jɛ ŋmaa mli kɛ agbɛnɛ niyenii mli nibii komɛi tamɔ kooloi anibii ni jɛɔ mli baa lɛ amli. Nɔ ni jɛɔ helatsɛmɛi ayibɔ ni yɔɔ kooloi kɛ kooloi krokomɛi amli lɛ mli baa lɛ baanyɛ aja mli babaoo awo kui enyɔ mli: nɔ ni jɛɔ helatsɛmɛi ayibɔ ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli lɛ mli tɛ̃ɛ kɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa tɛ̃ɛ yɛ helatsɛmɛi ni yeɔ kooloi lɛ amli fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ nɔ yɛ niyenii ni atsa lɛ sɛɛ (20, 21, 104). Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ nɛkɛ kui enyɔ nɛɛ yɛ tsakpaa, ejaakɛ esa akɛ helai ni baa mɔ nɔ lɛ anɔ ni aba shi yɛ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ aha colonization lɛ aba shi beni kooloo lɛ yeɔ niyenii lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii babaoo baanyɛ aná bɔ ni acid pɔtɛɛ ko ni akɛwoɔ niyenii mli lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa lɛ nɔ hewalɛ, tamɔ bɔ ni niyenii lɛ yɔɔ ha kɛ bɔ ni akɛ acid lɛ woɔ mli lɛ (21, 105).
Yɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ, formic acid kɛ acid krokomɛi ni fata he lɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ ekɛ ejwɛŋmɔ ema Salmonella nɔyeli tɛ̃ɛ ni yɔɔ kooloi kɛ kooloi aniyenii amli lɛ nɔ titri (21). Afo nɔ ni jɛ nikasemɔi nɛɛ amli ba lɛ mli fitsofitso yɛ niiamlipɛimɔi babaoo ni akala yɛ bei srɔtoi amli lɛ amli (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), no hewɔ lɛ nibii titrii ni ana kɛjɛ nikasemɔi nɛɛ amli lɛ ekomɛi pɛ ji nɔ ni awieɔ he yɛ niiamlipɛimɔ nɛɛ mli. Nibii babaoo ni akase lɛ etsɔɔ akɛ, bɔ ni formic acid ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa lɛ damɔ bɔ ni akɛ formic acid lɛ tsuɔ nii ahaa kɛ be ni akɛtsuɔ nii, bɔ ni niyenii lɛ mli nu lɛ mli edɔ ha, kɛ bɔ ni helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ fa ha yɛ niyenii lɛ mli kɛ kooloo lɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli (19, 21, 107–109). Niyenii matriks henɔ kɛ he ni kooloi aniyenii mli nibii lɛ jɛɔ lɛ hu ji nibii ni náa nɔ hewalɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, nikasemɔi babaoo etsɔɔ akɛ Salmonella yibɔi Bacteria nibii ni gbeɔ mɔ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ kooloi anibii amli lɛ baanyɛ afee srɔto yɛ nɔ ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ tsei amli nibii amli lɛ he (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Shi kɛlɛ, srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ bɔ ni atsuɔ acid tamɔ formic acid he nii ahaa lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ serovar wala ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ mli kɛ hulutsoo be ni akɛ niyenii lɛ tsuɔ nii yɛ mli lɛ mli (19, 113, 114). Srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ bɔ ni serovar lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ acid helatsamɔ mli lɛ hu baanyɛ afee nɔ ni haa kooloi kɛ niyenii ni mli ewo muji woɔ mli (113, 115), ni srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ virulence gene expression mli (116) lɛ hu baanyɛ atsu gbɛfaŋnɔ ko he nii. Srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ acid he tsuishitoo mli lɛ baanyɛ aná Salmonella ni anaa yɛ kusum mli adafitswaa mli lɛ nɔ hewalɛ kɛji akɛ acid ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ bɛ buffer ni sa (21, 105, 117–122). Niyenii lɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ su (yɛ bɔ ni fãji lɛ dara ha lɛ he) lɛ hu baanyɛ aná bɔ ni formic acid ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ nɔ hewalɛ (123).
Gbɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ ahaa formic acid ni akɛfataa niyenii he lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ hu he miihia waa. 105. Akɛ acid lɛ fa babaoo ha kɛha niyenii mli nibii ni mli ewo muji babaoo lɛ dani akɛ niyenii lɛ afutu mli koni akɛba nɔ ni baanyɛ afite niyenii ni akɛfeɔ niyenii lɛ he nibii kɛ naagbai ni kɔɔ kooloi aniyenii ni ŋɔɔ lɛ he lɛ shi (105). Jones (51) mu sane naa akɛ Salmonella ni yɔɔ niyenii mli dani akɛ tsofa tsuɔ nii kɛjieɔ muji lɛ mli lɛ wa waa akɛ abaakudɔ fe Salmonella ni kɛ niyenii kpeɔ yɛ tsofa ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ sɛɛ. Akɛ hulutsoo ni akɛtsuɔ niyenii he nii yɛ be mli ni atsuɔ he nii yɛ niyenii ŋmɔ lɛ mli lɛ etsɔɔ akɛ eji nɔ ko ni akɛbaatsu nii koni akɛtsi Salmonella hela ni baa niyenii lɛ mli lɛ naa, shi enɛ damɔ niyenii lɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ, bɔ ni niyenii lɛ mli nibii bibii lɛ fa ha, kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni kɔɔ ŋmɔ lɛ mli nitsumɔ lɛ he lɛ nɔ (51). 124, 125 ) Nibii ni haa mɔ he jɔ̃ɔ ehe lɛ hu damɔ hulutsoo nɔ, ni hulutsoo ni yaa hiɛ yɛ organic acids ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ baanyɛ aná Salmonella nɔ hewalɛ ni tsiɔ helai anaa, taakɛ ana yɛ Salmonella nu mli kusumii amli lɛ (124, 125). Nibii babaoo ni akase yɛ niyenii ni Salmonella efite lɛ ahe lɛ fiɔ susumɔ ni ahiɛ akɛ hulutsoo ni yaa hiɛ lɛ haa acid ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ lɛ sɛɛ ( 106, 113, 126 ). Amado kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 127 ) Kɛ tsɔne ko ni akɛfee nɔ ko ni yɔɔ teŋgbɛ lɛ tsu nii ni ekɛkase bɔ ni hulutsoo kɛ acid (formic loo lactic acid) tsuɔ nii amɛhaa yɛ Salmonella enterica kɛ Escherichia coli henɔi 10 ni ajie kɛjɛ tsinai aniyenii srɔtoi amli ni awo amɛ tsofa awo tsinai amli acid mli lɛ mli. Amɛmu sane naa akɛ dɔlɛ ji nɔ titri ni náa helai bibii ni baa mɔ nɔ lɛ anɔ hewalɛ, kɛ acid kɛ helai bibii ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ ahenɔi. Nɔ ni jɛɔ acid mli baa lɛ ji nɔ ni yeɔ nɔ lolo, no hewɔ lɛ abaanyɛ akɛ hulutsoo ni baa shi kɛ acid ni yɔɔ mli lɛ atsu nii. Shi kɛlɛ, amɛyɔse hu akɛ, jeee be fɛɛ be anaa nibii ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli lɛ kɛ́ akɛ formic acid tsu nii, ni no ha amɛsusu akɛ formic acid ni shwieɔ shi yɛ hulutsoo be ni mli wa mli loo nibii ni haa niyenii lɛ mli nibii lɛ feɔ ekome lɛ ji nɔ ni kɛ enɛ baa.
Niyenii ni akɛwoɔ shĩa mli lɛ ni aaato he gbɛjianɔ dani akɛha kooloi lɛ ji gbɛ kome ni atsɔɔ nɔ akudɔɔ helai ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ ni boteɔ kooloo lɛ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli yɛ be mli ni ayeɔ niyenii lɛ. Shi, kɛji akɛ acid ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ ebote fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ, ebaanyɛ eya nɔ etsu enitsumɔ ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ he nii. Nibii ni gbeɔ helai ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ adamɔ nibii srɔtoi anɔ, ni nɔ ni fata he ji bɔ ni fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli acid lɛ fa ha, he ni fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ tsuɔ nii yɛ lɛ, pH kɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ, afii ni kooloo lɛ eye, kɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli bii lɛ ayibɔ ( edamɔ he ni fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ yɔɔ kɛ bɔ ni kooloo lɛ eda ha lɛ nɔ) (21, 24, 128–132). Kɛfata he lɛ, anaerobic nibii bibii ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ ayibɔ (ni bafeɔ nɔ ni yeɔ nɔ yɛ kooloi ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku kome mli lɛ amli be mli ni amɛdaraa lɛ) feɔ organic acids kɛtsɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli, ni no hu baanyɛ aná hewalɛ ni teɔ shi ewoɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ anɔ (gastro–1tein the91 enterin).
Mra be mli niiamlitaomɔi lɛ ateŋ babaoo kɔɔ organic acids ni formate fata he lɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii koni akɛtsi Salmonella ni yɔɔ kooloi amli lɛ naa, ni awie he fitsofitso yɛ niiamlipɛimɔi babaoo amli lɛ he (12, 20, 21). Kɛji akɛ asusu nikasemɔi nɛɛ ahe ekome lɛ, abaanyɛ ana nibii titrii babaoo. McHan kɛ Shotts (133) bɔ amaniɛ akɛ, niyenii ni akɛhaa formic kɛ propionic acid lɛ haa Salmonella Typhimurium ni yɔɔ tsinabii ni akɛ helatsɛ lɛ wo amɛmli lɛ amli lɛ baa shi, ni amɛbuɔ amɛyibɔ ​​naa beni amɛye gbii 7, 14, kɛ 21 lɛ. Shi, beni Hume kɛ ekrokomɛi. (128) lɛ kwɛ C-14-kadi propionate lɛ nɔ lɛ, amɛmu sane naa akɛ propionate fioo ko pɛ ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ ashɛ cecum lɛ he. Esa akɛ ana kɛji enɛ ji anɔkwale yɛ formic acid hu he. Shi, nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ Bourassa kɛ ekrokomɛi. (134) bɔ amaniɛ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ formic kɛ propionic acid ha lɛ, ehaa Salmonella Typhimurium ni yɔɔ tsinabii ni akɛ helatsɛ lɛ wo amɛmli lɛ a-cecum lɛ mli lɛ baa shi, ni asusu bɔ ni amɛyi fa ha beni amɛye gbii 7, 14, kɛ 21 lɛ he. ( 132 ) Ekadi akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ formic acid ni ji 4 g/t ha broiler kooloi yɛ otsii 6 ni amɛdaraa lɛ mli lɛ, ehaa S. Typhimurium ni yɔɔ cecum lɛ mli lɛ baa shi kɛyashɛɔ he ni anaa lɛ shishi.
Formic acid ni yɔɔ niyenii lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ aná tsina fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ fãi krokomɛi anɔ hewalɛ. 134) tsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ tsofa ni ji formic acid kɛ propionic acid futu mli lɛ, ebaanyɛ eha Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) ni yɔɔ ŋmɔshi nibii kɛ ŋmɔshi nibii amli lɛ aba shi. Thompson kɛ Hinton (129) na akɛ formic acid kɛ propionic acid ni akɛfutuɔ jarayeli mli lɛ haa acid enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ falɛ yaa hiɛ yɛ ŋmɔshi nibii kɛ ŋmeii amli ni egbeɔ helai ni gbeɔ Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 yɛ vitro nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ko mli yɛ najiaŋdamɔlɔi atsɔsemɔ shihilɛi amli. Nɛkɛ susumɔ nɛɛ fiɔ vivo saji ni jɛ Bird kɛ ekrokomɛi adɛŋ lɛ sɛɛ. ( 135 ) kɛ formic acid fata nu ni tsinabii ni kwɛɔ tsinabii anɔ lɛ anuɔ lɛ he yɛ hɔmɔyeli be ko ni afee tamɔ nɔ ni akɛyaa lɛ mli dani akɛ amɛ yaa ŋshɔ hiɛ, ni tamɔ bɔ ni tsinabii ni kwɛɔ tsinabii anɔ lɛ yeɔ hɔmɔ dani akɛ amɛ yaa he ko ni afeɔ tsinabii ahe nii yɛ lɛ. Formic acid ni akɛfataa nu ni anuɔ lɛ he lɛ ha S. Typhimurium ni yɔɔ ŋmɔshi nibii kɛ epididymis lɛ mli lɛ ba shi, ni S. Typhimurium-ni yɔɔ ŋmɔshi nibii amli lɛ hu ba shi, shi jeee yɛ epididymis ni yɔɔ mli lɛ mli (135). Gbɛjianɔtoi ni akɛhaa ni baanyɛ abu organic acids lɛ ahe yɛ be mli ni amɛtsuɔ nii yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ shishigbɛ lɛ baanyɛ aye abua ni etsu nii jogbaŋŋ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ formic acid ni akɛwoɔ tsɔne mli bibioo kɛ ekɛfataa niyenii lɛ he lɛ haa Salmonella Enteritidis ni yɔɔ cecal mli lɛ ayibɔ baa shi (136). Shi kɛlɛ, enɛ baanyɛ asoro lɛ yɛ kooloo lɛ henɔ lɛ naa. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Walia kɛ ekrokomɛi. 137 ) Enaaa Salmonella ni baa shi yɛ cecum loo lymph nodes ni yɔɔ tsinabii ni eye gbii 28 ni aha amɛ niyenii ni akɛ formic acid, citric acid, kɛ mu ni he hiaa ni akɛfutu mli lɛ amli lɛ nɔ, ni eyɛ mli akɛ Salmonella ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ ba shi yɛ gbi ni ji 14 lɛ nɔ moŋ, shi ebaaa shi yɛ transmissiony teŋ. atsĩ naa.
Eyɛ mli akɛ formic acid he nikasemɔi akɛ tsofa ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli yɛ kooloi akwɛmɔ mli lɛ ekɛ ejwɛŋmɔ ema Salmonella ni jɛɔ niyenii mli baa lɛ nɔ titri moŋ, shi nikasemɔi komɛi hu yɛ ni kɔɔ helai krokomɛi ni baa mɔ mli lɛ ahe. Nibii ni Kovanda kɛ ekrokomɛi fee yɛ vitro mli lɛ. (68) tsɔɔ akɛ formic acid lɛ baanyɛ atsu nii jogbaŋŋ hu ashi helai krokomɛi ni jɛɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli kɛbaa niyenii mli, ni Escherichia coli kɛ Campylobacter jejuni fata he lɛ. Nibii ni akase tsutsu lɛ etsɔɔ akɛ, tsofai ni wala yɔɔ mli (tamɔ, lactic acid) kɛ jarayeli nibii ni akɛfutuɔ nii ni formic acid yɔɔ mli akɛ nɔ ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ aha Campylobacter ni yɔɔ kooloi amli lɛ aba shi (135, 138). Shi, taakɛ Beyer kɛ ekrokomɛi tsɔɔ mli tsutsu lɛ. (67), formic acid ni akɛtsuɔ nii akɛ tsofa ni gbeɔ helai ni gbeɔ Campylobacter lɛ baanyɛ abi ni akwɛ jogbaŋŋ. Nɛkɛ niiamlipɛimɔ nɛɛ ji naagba titri kɛha niyenii ni akɛfataa he yɛ kooloi amli ejaakɛ formic acid ji shishijee mumɔ hewalɛ jɛɛhe kɛha C. jejuni. Agbɛnɛ hu, asusuɔ akɛ e-gastrointestinal niche lɛ fã ko jɛ metabolic cross-feeding kɛ acid fermentation nibii ni efutu ni fɔmɔ kotoku mli bacteria, tamɔ formate (139) feɔ lɛ mli. Susumɔ nɛɛ yɛ nɔ ko ni edamɔ nɔ. Akɛni formate ji tsofa ni gbalaa C. jejuni hewɔ lɛ, tsofai ni tsakeɔ shii enyɔ ni bɛ formate dehydrogenase kɛ hydrogenase fɛɛ mli lɛ eha cecal colonization ni yɔɔ tsinabii amli lɛ eba shi kɛ akɛto koo mli C. jejuni henɔi lɛ ahe (140, 141). Ebɛ faŋŋ lolo akɛ bɔ ni formic acid ni akɛwoɔ mɔ mli lɛ saa C. jejuni ni yɔɔ kooloi amli lɛ he ehaa. Formate ni yɔɔ musu mli lɛ baanyɛ aba shi yɛ formate catabolism ni musu mli helai krokomɛi feɔ loo formate ni shwieɔ musu mli ŋwɛigbɛ lɛ hewɔ, no hewɔ lɛ nibii srɔtoi baanyɛ aná enɛ nɔ hewalɛ. Kɛfata he lɛ, formate ji nɔ ko ni baanyɛ afee ŋmɔtɔ ni fɔmɔ kotoku mli helai komɛi feɔ, ni baanyɛ aná fɔmɔ kotoku mli formate lɛ fɛɛ nɔ hewalɛ. Formate falɛ ni yɔɔ musu mli nibii amli kɛ formate dehydrogenase wala yibii ni akɛ metagenomics tsuɔ nii lɛ ayɔsemɔ baanyɛ aha nibii bibii ni feɔ formate lɛ ashihilɛ mli nibii komɛi ana.
Roth kɛ ekrokomɛi. (142) kɛ nɔ ni tsofa ni gbeɔ helai ni ji enrofloxacin loo formic, acetic, kɛ propionic acid ni akɛfutu mli lɛ ni akɛhaa tsinabii ni yeɔ helai lɛ yeɔ Escherichia coli ni nyɛɛɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ egbɛ eshwã lɛ nɔ lɛ to he. Akɛ E. coli ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ fɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni nyɛɔ egbeɔ helai lɛ akane yɛ ŋmeii ni abua naa kɛjɛ tsinabii ni eye gbi kome lɛ amli kɛ cecal mli nibii ni jɛ tsinabii ni eye gbii 14 kɛ 38 lɛ amli. Akwɛ E. coli ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ mli koni ana kɛji enyɛŋ ekɛ ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, kɛ tetracycline atsu nii yɛ gbɛ ni ato he gbɛjianɔ tsutsu kɛha tsofai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ eko fɛɛ eko nɔ. Beni abu E. coli lɛ ayibɔ ni atsɔɔ mli lɛ, enrofloxacin loo acid cocktail ni akɛfataa he lɛ tsakeee E. coli ni ajie kɛjɛ ceca ni ji gbii 17 kɛ 28 ni akɛyeɔ tsinabii lɛ ayibɔ fɛɛ. Okpoi ni ayeɔ niyenii ni akɛ enrofloxacin fata he lɛ eha E. coli ni nyɛɔ ekɛ tsofai ni ji cefotaxime lɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ etee hiɛ, ni E. coli ni nyɛɔ ekɛ cefotaxime tsuɔ nii lɛ hu eba shi yɛ amɛmli. Okpoi ni aha amɛ tsofa ni ji cocktail lɛ eha E. coli ni nyɛɔ ampicillin- kɛ tetracycline lɛ ayibɔ eba shi yɛ ceca lɛ mli kɛ akɛto okpoi ni akwɛɔ amɛ nɔ kɛ okpoi ni akɛ enrofloxacin fata he lɛ ahe. Okpoi ni aha amɛ acid ni akɛfutu mli lɛ hu ná E. coli ni nyɛɔ ekɛ ciprofloxacin kɛ sulfamethoxazole tsuɔ nii yɛ amɛmli lɛ ayibɔ ni baa shi yɛ amɛmli lɛ nɔ kɛ akɛto okpoi ni aha amɛ enrofloxacin lɛ ahe. Gbɛ ni acid tsɔɔ nɔ ehaa E. coli ni nyɛɔ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ ayibɔ baa shi ni ekɛ E. coli lɛ fɛɛ baa shi lɛ mli kãaa shi faŋŋ lolo. Shi, nɔ ni jɛ nikasemɔ ni Roth kɛ ekrokomɛi fee lɛ mli ba lɛ. lɛ kɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ enrofloxacin kuu lɛ mli lɛ kpãa gbee. ( 142 ) Enɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ni tsɔɔ akɛ tsofai ni gbeɔ helai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ amli tsɛŋemɔ helai ni yɔɔ E. coli mli lɛ gbɛfaŋnɔ eba shi, tamɔ plasmid-linked inhibitors ni Cabezon kɛ ekrokomɛi tsɔɔ mli lɛ. (143). Ebaafee nɔ ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ akɛ aaafee plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance lɛ he niiamlipɛimɔ ni mli kwɔ yɛ kooloi ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ amli yɛ niyenii ni akɛfataa he tamɔ formic acid lɛ hiɛ, ni atsake nɛkɛ mlipɛimɔ nɛɛ mli jogbaŋŋ kɛtsɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli resistome lɛ mlipɛimɔ nɔ.
Esa akɛ niyenii ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ afeemɔ aná hewalɛ fioo ko yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli tsei lɛ fɛɛ anɔ, titri lɛ yɛ nakai nibii bibii ni abuɔ akɛ amɛhe yɛ sɛɛnamɔ kɛha gbɔ lɛ nɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, organic acid ni akɛhaa kɛjɛɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ baanyɛ aná hewalɛ gbonyo yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ ni kɛyashi he ko lɛ, ebaatsi amɛhebuu nibii ni amɛyɔɔ kɛjɛɔ helai ahe lɛ naa. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Thompson kɛ Hinton (129) na akɛ lactic acid ni yɔɔ ŋmɔ mli lɛ baa shi yɛ kooloi ni fɔɔ bii ni akɛ formic kɛ propionic acid efutu mli lɛ amli, ni etsɔɔ akɛ nɛkɛ exogenous organic acids nɛɛ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔ mli lɛ haa ŋmɔ mli lactobacilli lɛ baa shi. Abuɔ ŋmɔshi nibii ni ji lactobacilli lɛ akɛ eji gbɛtsii nii ko kɛha Salmonella, ni no hewɔ lɛ, nɛkɛ ŋmɔshi nibii bibii ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ amligbalamɔ baanyɛ aye Salmonella ni yeɔ omanye yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ shibaa mli (144). Açıkgöz kɛ ekrokomɛi. na akɛ nɔ ni okpoi lɛ feɔ yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ aba shi. ( 145 ) Anaaa srɔtofeemɔ ko yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli tsei fɛɛ loo Escherichia coli ayibɔ mli yɛ tsinabii ni eye gbii 42 ni nuɔ nu ni akɛ formic acid ewo mli lɛ amli. Niŋmalɔi lɛ wie akɛ ekolɛ enɛ jɛ formate ni atsakeɔ yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ hewɔ, taakɛ niiamlitaolɔi krokomɛi ni kɛ short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛjɛɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ ena lɛ (128, 129).
Formic acid ni abuɔ he kɛtsɔ tsɔne ko ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ nɔ lɛ baanyɛ aye abua ni eshɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ shishigbɛ. ( 146 ) Etsɔɔ akɛ, tsɔne bibioo ni akɛwoɔ tsɔne mli lɛ haa tsɔne ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (SCFA) ni yɔɔ tsinabii lɛ a-cecum lɛ mli lɛ fɛɛ yaa hiɛ waa kɛ akɛto tsinabii ni ahaa amɛ formic acid ni abuuu amɛhe lɛ ahe. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba nɛɛ ha woloŋmalɔ lɛ wie akɛ, kɛ́ abu he jogbaŋŋ lɛ, formic acid baanyɛ ashɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ shishigbɛ fã lɛ he jogbaŋŋ. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii krokomɛi babaoo, tamɔ formate kɛ lactate mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ eyɛ ŋwɛi fe nɔ ni yɔɔ tsinabii ni ayeɔ amɛ niyenii ni akudɔ amɛ lɛ mli lɛ moŋ, shi amɛsoro amɛhe kwraa yɛ tsinabii ni ayeɔ amɛ niyenii ni abuuu amɛhe lɛ ahe. Eyɛ mli akɛ tsinabii ni ahaa amɛ formic acid ni abuuu he kɛ nɔ ni abuɔ he lɛ fɛɛ jieɔ lactic acid ni yaa hiɛ aaafee shii etɛ kpo moŋ, shi tsofafeemɔi enyɔ lɛ eko kwraa tsakeee lactobacilli ayibɔ. Srɔtofeemɔi lɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ni yɔɔ faŋŋ waa kɛha nibii bibii krokomɛi ni feɔ lactic acid ni yɔɔ cecum lɛ mli lɛ (1) ni anaaa kɛtsɔ gbɛi nɛɛ anɔ kɛ/loo (2) ni amɛmli nibii ni tsakeɔ amɛhe lɛ nitsumɔ lɛ saa amɛhe, ni no haa amɛtsakeɔ bɔ ni amɛfeɔ amɛnii amɛhaa lɛ bɔni afee ni lactobacilli ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ afee lactic acid babaoo.
Bɔni afee ni akase bɔ ni niyenii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ ŋmɔ mli kooloi lɛ amli lɛ jogbaŋŋ lɛ, ehe miihia ni ana gbɛi ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi ni akɛyooɔ helai bibii ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ. Yɛ afii fioo ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, akɛ yinɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mlitsɔɔmɔ (NGS) ni ji 16S RNA tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ etsu nii koni akɛyoo microbiome taxa ni akɛto microbiome akutsei srɔtoi lɛ ahe (147), ni eha shishinumɔ kpakpa eba yɛ niyenii ni akɛfataa niyenii he kɛ kooloi ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ ateŋ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ ateŋ.
Nikasemɔi babaoo kɛ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔtoo etsu nii koni amɛkɛpɛi bɔ ni tsina mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa lɛ mli koni amɛkɛfee niyenii ni akɛfataa he lɛ. Oakley kɛ ekrokomɛi. (148) fee nikasemɔ ko yɛ tsinabii ni eye gbii 42 ni akɛ formic acid, propionic acid, kɛ medium-chain fatty acids srɔtoi ni akɛfutuɔ amɛ nu loo niyenii ni amɛyeɔ lɛ mli lɛ fata he lɛ ahe. Akɛ Salmonella typhimurium hela ko ni nyɛɔ nalidixic acid lɛ ka kooloi ni awo amɛ tsofa lɛ ni ajie amɛ ceca lɛ beni amɛye gbii 0, 7, 21, kɛ 42 lɛ. Afee Cecal nɔkwɛmɔnii kɛha 454 pyrosequencing ni akwɛ nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ mli kɛha mligbalamɔ kɛ nɔ ni tamɔ amɛhe lɛ he nɔkwɛmɔnɔ. Yɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, helatsamɔi lɛ enaaa cecal microbiome loo S. Typhimurium lɛ nɔ hewalɛ ko kwraa. Shi kɛlɛ, Salmonella ni ana lɛ fɛɛ ba shi be mli ni okpoi lɛ daraa lɛ, taakɛ taxonomic mlipɛimɔ ni kɔɔ nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahe lɛ maa nɔ mi lɛ, ni Salmonella ni fa babaoo lɛ hu ba shi yɛ be mli ni be hoɔ lɛ. Niŋmalɔi lɛ yɔse akɛ, beni tsinabii lɛ daraa lɛ, cecal microbial lɛ ayibɔ yaa hiɛ, ni tsakemɔi ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ yɛ gastrointestinal flora lɛ mli lɛ anaa yɛ helatsamɔ kui fɛɛ amli. Yɛ nikasemɔ ko ni afee nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ mli lɛ, Hu kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 149 ) Kɛ nu ni anuɔ kɛ niyenii ni akɛ tsofai ni wala yɔɔ mli (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, kɛ ammonium formate) kɛ virginiamycin ni akɛfutu mli lɛ tsuɔ nii yɛ cecal microbiome nɔkwɛmɔnii ni jɛ tsinabii ni abua naa yɛ fãi enyɔ mli (gbii 1–21 kɛ gbii 224) lɛ anɔ lɛ to he. Eyɛ mli akɛ ana srɔtofeemɔi komɛi yɛ cecal microbiome srɔtoi lɛ amli yɛ helatsamɔ kui lɛ ateŋ yɛ gbii 21 mli moŋ, shi anaaa srɔtofeemɔ ko yɛ α- loo β-bacteria srɔtoi lɛ amli yɛ gbii 42 mli. Kɛ akɛ srɔtofeemɔi ni bɛ yɛ gbii 42 mli lɛ to he lɛ, woloŋmalɔ lɛ susu akɛ sɛɛnamɔ ni yɔɔ dalɛ he lɛ baanyɛ ajɛ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ srɔtoi ni hi jogbaŋŋ ni ato mra lɛ mli.
Microbiome mlipɛimɔ ni kɛ ejwɛŋmɔ maa cecal microbial akutso lɛ pɛ nɔ lɛ etsɔɔɔ he ni niyenii mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nibii babaoo baa yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ. Ekolɛ, ŋwɛi ŋta ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ni niyenii mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ feɔ lɛ, taakɛ nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ni Hume kɛ ekrokomɛi tsɔɔ lɛ. (128). Hume kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 128 ) tsɔɔ akɛ, tsofa ni ji propionate ni akɛfataa he kɛjɛɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ mli babaoo boteɔ okpoi lɛ a-fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ ŋwɛigbɛ. Nibii amlipɛimɔi ni afee nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ yɛ bɔ ni fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ hu fiɔ susumɔ nɛɛ sɛɛ. Nava kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 150 ) tsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, kɛ propionic acid (HFP) futu mli lɛ, enáa fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ hewalɛ ni ehaa Lactobacillus ni yɔɔ tsinabii lɛ amli lɛ yaa hiɛ. Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ, Goodarzi Borojeni kɛ ekrokomɛi. ( 150 ) tsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ́ akɛ tsofai ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ futu mli lɛ, tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ, kɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ (HFP) lɛ saa fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe, ni ehaa Lactobacillus ni yɔɔ tsinabii lɛ amli lɛ yaa hiɛ. ( 151 ) Kase bɔ ni akɛ formic acid kɛ propionic acid ni akɛfutu mli lɛ haa tsinabii ni kwɛɔ tsinabii anɔ lɛ he nii gbii 35 sɔŋŋ. Yɛ kaa lɛ naagbee lɛ, ajie ŋmɔshi nibii lɛ, musu lɛ, ileum lɛ mlijaa enyɔ mli etɛ ni yɔɔ shɔŋŋ lɛ, kɛ cecum lɛ ni ajie nɔkwɛmɔnii koni akɛpɛi fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli tsei pɔtɛɛi kɛ nibii ni tsakeɔ amɛhe lɛ amli kɛtsɔ RT-PCR nɔ. Yɛ kusum mli lɛ, bɔ ni bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ fa ha lɛ enaaa Lactobacillus loo Bifidobacterium babaoo nɔ hewalɛ, shi moŋ ehaa Clostridium lɛ ayibɔ yaa hiɛ. Yɛ ileum lɛ mli lɛ, tsakemɔi pɛ ni ba ji Lactobacillus kɛ Enterobacter ni baa shi, yɛ be mli ni yɛ cecum lɛ mli lɛ, nɛkɛ tsei nɛɛ tsakeee (151). Yɛ be mli ni organic acid ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ fa babaoo lɛ, lactic acid ni fa babaoo (D kɛ L) lɛ ba shi yɛ ŋmɔshi nibii lɛ amli, organic acid enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ falɛ ba shi yɛ gizzard lɛ mli, ni organic acid ni fa babaoo lɛ ba shi yɛ cecum lɛ mli. Tsakemɔi komɛi bako ileum lɛ mli. Yɛ nɔ ni kɔɔ fatty acids ni yɔɔ kuku (SCFAs) lɛ he lɛ, tsakemɔ pɛ ni ba yɛ okpoi ni ayeɔ organic acids lɛ aŋmɔshi nibii kɛ amɛmli lɛ mli ji propionate lɛ mli. Okpoi ni aha amɛ organic acid ni fa fioo lɛ jieɔ propionate ni yɔɔ ŋmɔshi nibii amli lɛ mliyaa ni miihe ashɛ shii nyɔŋma kpo, yɛ be mli ni okpoi ni ahaa amɛ organic acid ni falɛ enyɔ yɔɔ mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ propionate ni yɔɔ gizzard lɛ mli lɛ etee hiɛ shii kpaanyɔ kɛ shii nyɔŋma kɛ enumɔ, yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ. Acetate ni yaa hiɛ yɛ ileum lɛ mli lɛ faaa fe shii enyɔ. Yɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, saji nɛɛ fiɔ susumɔ ni ji akɛ nibii ni jɛɔ organic acid ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛjɛɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ mli baa lɛ ateŋ babaoo jeɔ kpo yɛ yibiiwoo mli, yɛ be mli ni organic acid lɛ bɛ hewalɛ ko kwraa yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii akutso lɛ nɔ, ni tsɔɔ akɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli tsofai ni yɔɔ ŋwɛi lɛ baanyɛ atsake.
Eyɛ faŋŋ akɛ, ehe miihia ni ana nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahe saji ni mli kwɔ koni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli fɛɛ lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ. Nibii bibii ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ amlipɛimɔ ni mli kwɔ, titri lɛ ŋwɛi fãi tamɔ ŋmɔshi nibii lɛ, baanyɛ aha sɛɛyoomɔ kroko aba yɛ nibii bibii akui komɛi ni ahalaa lɛ he. Amɛ metabolic kɛ enzymatic nitsumɔi lɛ hu baanyɛ atsɔɔ kɛji amɛyɛ wekukpaa ni teɔ shi woɔ helai ni boteɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ. E maa pee bua jɔmi hu kaa a maa pee metagenomic hlamihi konɛ a le kaa ke a kɛ tsopahi nɛ a kɛ acidic woɔ mi ɔ mi ngɛ okpohi a wami be mi ɔ, e halaa nɛ a náa “acid-tolerant” bacteriahi fuu nɛ a ngɛ hiɔ mi, nɛ ke bacteria nɛ ɔmɛ a himi kɛ/loo a metabolic ní tsumi ɔ maa da si kɛ ha colonization blɔ nya tomi kpa ko kɛ ha pathogen.
Akɛ formic acid etsu nii afii babaoo akɛ tsofa ni akɛwoɔ kooloi aniyenii amli, kɛ nɔ ni haa ŋmeii feɔ ŋmeii. Nɔ kome ni ekɛtsuɔ nii titri ji e-antimicrobial nitsumɔ ni ekɛtsiɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ ayibɔ ni yɔɔ niyenii mli lɛ naa kɛ amɛsɛɛkuu ni baa okpoi lɛ amli lɛ nɔ. Nibii amlipɛimɔi ni afee yɛ vitro mli lɛ etsɔɔ akɛ formic acid ji tsofa ko ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni gbeɔ helai ni baa Salmonella kɛ helai krokomɛi anɔ lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, formic acid ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ niyenii mli lɛ baanyɛ afee nɔ ni bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ mli ni yɔɔ niyenii mli nibii amli lɛ fa babaoo kɛ amɛhewalɛ ni amɛbaanyɛ amɛtsi amɛhe kɛjɛ he lɛ hewɔ. Etamɔ nɔ ni Formic acid lɛ yɛ hewalɛ ni teɔ shi ewoɔ Salmonella kɛ helai krokomɛi kɛji akɛ aye kɛtsɔ niyenii loo nu ni anuɔ nɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, nɛkɛ hetsɛ̃ nɛɛ baa titri yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ ŋwɛigbɛ, ejaakɛ formic acid ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ shishigbɛ lɛ baanyɛ aba shi, taakɛ eji yɛ propionic acid he lɛ. Susumɔ ni ji formic acid hebuu kɛtsɔ encapsulation nɔ lɛ haa gbɛ ni baanyɛ atsɔ nɔ akɛ acid babaoo aya fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ shishigbɛ. Agbɛnɛ hu, nikasemɔi etsɔɔ akɛ, organic acid ni akɛfutuɔ lɛ tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ kooloi anitsumɔ mli fe acid kome ni akɛhaa (152). Campylobacter ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ aha formate hetoo yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ srɔto nɔ, ejaakɛ ebaanyɛ ekɛ formate atsu nii akɛ electron halɔ, ni formate ji ehewalɛ jɛɛhe titri. Ebɛ faŋŋ akɛ formate ni yaa hiɛ yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ baafee nɔ ni he baaba sɛɛnamɔ kɛha Campylobacter, ni ekolɛ enɛ baaa mli yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli tsei krokomɛi ni baanyɛ amɛkɛ formate atsu nii akɛ nɔ ni akɛbaatsu nii lɛ nɔ.
Nikasemɔi krokomɛi ahe miihia koni akɛtao bɔ ni formic acid ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli helai bibii ni bɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ anɔ. Wɔsumɔɔ ni wɔhala helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ ni wɔfiteee fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ kɛha gbɔ lɛ mli bii lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, enɛ biɔ ni apɛi nɛkɛ nibii bibii ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli nɛɛ amli jogbaŋŋ. Eyɛ mli akɛ akala nikasemɔi komɛi yɛ cecal microbiome ni yɔɔ okpoi ni akɛ formic acid tsuɔ nii yɛ mli lɛ ahe moŋ, shi ehe miihia ni agbala jwɛŋmɔ babaoo kɛya ŋwɛi fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii akutso lɛ nɔ. Nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ayɔsemɔ kɛ nɔ ni tamɔ amɛhe ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli nibii bibii akutsei ateŋ ni akɛtoɔ he yɛ formic acid ni yɔɔ loo bɛ mli lɛ baanyɛ afee shishitsɔɔmɔ ni yeɔ emuu. Nibii amlipɛimɔi krokomɛi, ni metabolomics kɛ metagenomics fata he lɛ he miihia koni akɛtsɔɔ srɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ kui ni tamɔ amɛhe lɛ ateŋ. Su ni tamɔ nɛkɛ he hiaa waa koni akɛto wekukpaa ni yɔɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli helai bibii akutso lɛ kɛ okpo nitsumɔ hetooi ni akɛhaa formic acid-based improvers lɛ teŋ lɛ shishi. Esa akɛ gbɛi srɔtoi ni akɛaafee ekome koni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ tsuɔ nii ehaa lɛ aha aná gbɛi ni tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ni akɛfataa nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ ahe, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ, eha gbalɛi ni kɔɔ okpoi ahewalɛ kɛ nitsumɔ he lɛ aya hiɛ yɛ be mli ni atsiɔ niyenii he shweshweeshwefeemɔ he osharai anaa.
SR ŋma nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ kɛ yelikɛbuamɔ ni jɛ DD kɛ KR ŋɔɔ. Niŋmalɔi lɛ fɛɛ kɛ amɛhe wo nitsumɔ ni ajie lɛ kpo yɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ mli babaoo.
Niŋmalɔi lɛ jajeɔ akɛ nɛkɛ mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ ná shika kɛjɛ Anitox Corporation dɛŋ koni akɛje mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ ŋmalɛ kɛ ekalamɔ shishi. Mɛi ni kɛ shika lɛ ha lɛ bɛ hewalɛ ko kwraa yɛ susumɔi kɛ naagbee wiemɔi ni ajie lɛ kpo yɛ sane nɛɛ mlikwɛmɔ mli lɛ nɔ loo yɛ yiŋkpɛɛ ni akpɛ akɛ abaajie lɛ kpo lɛ nɔ.
Niŋmalɔi ni eshwɛ lɛ jajeɔ akɛ afee niiamlitaomɔ lɛ yɛ be mli ni jarayeli loo shika he wekukpaa ko bɛ ni abaanyɛ atsɔɔ shishi akɛ eji nɔ ko ni baanyɛ afee nɔ ni kɛ amɛhe kpãaa gbee.
Dr. DD miisumɔ ni ekpɛlɛ yelikɛbuamɔ ni jɛ Arkansas Yunivɛsiti lɛ Skul ni Gbeɔ Naa lɛ nɔ kɛtsɔ Nitsɔɔmɔ Fellowship ni He Hiaa lɛ nɔ, kɛ agbɛnɛ yelikɛbuamɔ ni yaa nɔ kɛjɛɔ Arkansas Yunivɛsiti lɛ Cell and Molecular Biology Program lɛ kɛ Niyenii He Saji Ahe Nitsumɔhe lɛ nɔ. Kɛfata he lɛ, niŋmalɔi lɛ miisumɔ ni amɛda Anitox shi yɛ shishijee yelikɛbuamɔ ni ekɛha yɛ nɛkɛ sane mlikwɛmɔ nɛɛ ŋmalɛ mli lɛ hewɔ.
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