Dani helai baakpata helai aaafee akpekpei toi akpei etɛ loo nɔ ni fe nakai hiɛ lɛ, tso nɛɛ ye ebua ni ama Amerika ni nitsumɔhei wuji yɔɔ mli lɛ. Bɔni afee ni wɔná amɛ anunyam ni elaaje lɛ ekoŋŋ lɛ, ekolɛ ehe baahia ni wɔkpɛlɛ adebɔɔ nɔ ni wɔsaa.
Yɛ afi 1989 be ko mli lɛ, Herbert Darling nine shɛ tɛlifoŋ nɔ: Gbɔmɔbi ko kɛɛ lɛ akɛ ekɛ Amerika tso kakadaŋŋ ko ni ji chestnut kpe yɛ Darling shikpɔŋ nɔ yɛ Zor Jɔɔ lɛ mli yɛ New York anaigbɛ. Darling le akɛ be ko ni eho lɛ, tsei ni ji chestnut lɛ ji tsei ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome. Ele hu akɛ, eshwɛ fioo ni tsɛŋemɔ hela ko ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ baakpata tsɛŋemɔ helai nɛɛ ahiɛ nɔ ni fe afii oha kɛ fã. Beni enu gbɔbilɔ lɛ amaniɛbɔɔ ni kɔɔ ŋmei ni hiɛ kã ni ena lɛ he lɛ, ŋmei lɛ tso lɛ kɛlɛ ji ninetalɔi enyɔ ni eshɛ tsu ko ni hiɛ tsũi enumɔ lɛ he lɛ, eyiŋ fee lɛ kɔshikɔshi. Darling kɛɛ akɛ: “Mileee kɛji miheɔ miyeɔ akɛ ele nɔ ni ji.”
Beni Darling na tso lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni eekwɛ adesã mli gbɔmɔ ko. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Eji nɔ ni yɔɔ tɛ̃ɛ ni eye emuu waa akɛ afee nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ko-ehi waa.” Shi Darling hu na akɛ tso lɛ miigbo. Kɛjɛ afi 1900 afii lɛ shishijee gbɛ lɛ, hela nɛɛ nɔŋŋ emɔ lɛ, ni abuɔ akɔntaa akɛ ekɛ helai ni tamɔ nɛkɛ egbe mɛi akpekpei toi akpei etɛ loo nɔ ni fe nakai. Enɛ ji klɛŋklɛŋ hela ni adesa kɛbaa ni fiteɔ tsei titri yɛ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ yinɔsane mli. Darling susu akɛ, kɛji enyɛɛɛ ehere nakai tso lɛ yiwala lɛ, kɛ hoo lɛ, ebaahere emli dumɔwui lɛ ayiwala. Naagba kome pɛ yɔɔ: tso lɛ efeee nɔ ko ejaakɛ chestnut tsei krokomɛi bɛ ni bɛŋkɛ ni baanyɛ afee lɛ ŋmɔtɔ.
Darling ji tsɔne he nilelɔ ko ni kɛ tsɔne he nilelɔi agbɛi tsuɔ naagbai ahe nii. Yɛ June ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli, beni fɔfɔii ni tsuɔ tamɔ ŋmɔtɔ gbɛ eshwa tso lɛ ŋwɛitsu ni yɔɔ ŋmɔtɔ lɛ nɔ lɛ, Darling kɛ tu ŋmɔtɔ, ni ajie kɛjɛ chestnut tso kroko ni ekase lɛ fɔfɔi hii lɛ amli lɛ wo tu tu mli, ni ekɛ tsɔne lɛ tee kooyigbɛ. Ehe ŋmɛlɛtswaa kome kɛ fã. Etswa tso lɛ kɛjɛ helikɔpta ni eha lɛ mli. (Eyɛ tsumaa nitsumɔhe ko ni yeɔ omanye ni baanyɛ ahé shika babaoo.) Mɔdɛŋbɔɔ nɛɛ yeee omanye. Enɔ afi lɛ, Darling ka ekoŋŋ. Be nɛɛ mli lɛ, lɛ kɛ ebinuu lɛ gbala tsɔne ni akɛwoɔ tsɔne mli lɛ kɛtee tsei ni yɔɔ gɔŋ lɛ yiteŋ lɛ anɔ, ni amɛma kpoku ko ni nɔ kwɔ fe ninetalɔi 80 yɛ nɔ ni fe otsii enyɔ mli. Misuɔlɔ lɛ kwɔ ŋwɛitsu lɛ nɔ ni ekɛ fɔfɔi ni tamɔ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ chestnut tso kroko nɔ lɛ shwie fɔfɔi lɛ anɔ.
Nakai fɛ̃i be lɛ mli lɛ, Darling tso lɛ niji lɛ wo ŋmeii ni ŋmeii eŋɔli ehà nɔ. Nɛkɛ ŋmeii nɛɛ mli tse ni amɛhe wa waa akɛ ekolɛ abaatɔmɔ amɛ akɛ cacti. Nikpamɔ lɛ faaa, ŋmeii aaafee 100 yɛ, shi Darling edu ekomɛi ni ekɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ ema shi. Lɛ kɛ enaanyo ko hu yabɔ Charles Maynard kɛ William Powell, ni ji tsei ahe nilelɔi enyɔ ni yɔɔ New York Maŋkwramɔŋ Skul ni Kwɛɔ Shihilɛ He Saji kɛ Kooi Anɔ yɛ Syracuse lɛ (Chuck kɛ Bill gboi). Etsɛko tsɔ ni amɛje chestnut he niiamlitaomɔ nitsumɔ ko ni he ehiaaa tsɔ lɛ shishi yɛ jɛmɛ. Darling ha amɛ chestnut komɛi ni ebi jeŋ nilelɔi lɛ kɛji amɛbaanyɛ amɛkɛtsu nii ni amɛkɛba ekoŋŋ. Darling kɛɛ akɛ: “Etamɔ nɔ ni enɛ ji nɔ ko wulu.” “United States bokagbɛ fɛɛ.” Shi kɛlɛ, afii fioo komɛi asɛɛ lɛ, lɛ diɛŋtsɛ etso lɛ gbo.
Kɛjɛ be mli ni Europabii bɔi Amerika Kooyigbɛ shihilɛ lɛ, sane ni kɔɔ shikpɔŋ wulu lɛ nɔ kooi lɛ ahe lɛ ji nɔ ni elaaje babaoo. Shi, amrɔ nɛɛ mɛi babaoo buɔ Darling susumɔ lɛ akɛ eji hegbɛi ni yɔɔ shiwoo fe fɛɛ ni akɛbaaje sane lɛ mli tsakemɔ shishi lɛ ateŋ ekome – yɛ afi nɛɛ shishijee mli lɛ, Templeton World Charity Foundation lɛ kɛ Maynard kɛ Powell nitsumɔ lɛ ha eyinɔsane lɛ mli babaoo, ni nɛkɛ mɔdɛŋbɔɔ nɛɛ nyɛ efo nitsumɔ bibioo ko ni jara fe dɔlai akpekpei 300 lɛ mli. Eji nikeenii kome ni da fe fɛɛ ni akɛha yunivɛsiti lɛ pɛŋ. Nibii amlitaomɔ ni gbɔmɛi ahe nilelɔi feɔ lɛ nyɛɔ shihilɛ he nilelɔi anɔ koni amɛkɛ gbɛkpamɔ lɛ akpee yɛ gbɛ hee ni bei komɛi lɛ ehaa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli nɔ, akɛ adebɔɔ mli je lɛ saamɔ etsɔɔɔ akɛ abaaku amɛsɛɛ kɛya Eden Abɔɔ ni nɔ ko nɔ ko bɛ mli lɛ mli. Shi moŋ, ekolɛ ebaatsɔɔ akɛ wɔɔkpɛlɛ gbɛfaŋnɔ ni wɔŋɔ lɛ nɔ: nɔ fɛɛ nɔ he tsɔne he nilelɔ ni adebɔɔ fata he lɛ.
Chestnut baai lɛ kɛlɛ ni amɛyɛ ŋmeii, ni amɛtamɔ ŋmeii bibii enyɔ ni ji ŋmeii ni akɛtsa sɛɛ kɛyaa sɛɛ kɛyaa baa lɛ teŋgbɛ fã lɛ nɔ. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, baai enyɔ kɛ tso ko ebɔ he. Yɛ naagbee kroko lɛ, amɛfeɔ ŋwɛi ŋta ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔ, ni bei pii lɛ, ebɔleɔ ehe kɛyaa afã. Nɛkɛ su ni akpaaa gbɛ nɛɛ tsɔɔ koo lɛ mli ŋmeii kɛ ŋãi ni yɔɔ dioo lɛ amli, ni mɛi ni nyiɛɔ yɛ gɔŋji lɛ amli lɛ asusumɔi ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ lɛ teɔ mɛi ajwɛŋmɔ shi, ni ekaiɔ amɛ gbɛfaa ni amɛfã kɛtsɔ koo ni be ko ni eho lɛ tsei babaoo ni yɔɔ hewalɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ mli lɛ.
Woji kɛ kaimɔ pɛ ji nɔ ni wɔbaanyɛ wɔnu tsei nɛɛ ashishi jogbaŋŋ. Be ko lɛ, Lucille Griffin, ni ji American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation lɛ nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ ŋma akɛ, jɛmɛ ji he ni obaana ŋmeii ni fa babaoo aahu akɛ yɛ fɛ̃i be mli lɛ, fɔfɔi ni yɔɔ tso lɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ lɛ “tamɔ Ŋshɔkei ni mli edɔ ni shwieɔ shi kɛjɛɔ gɔŋ lɛ shishi lɛ,” ni no kɛ tsɛkwɛ̃ kaimɔi baa. Yɛ fɛ̃i be mli lɛ, tso lɛ baatswa ekoŋŋ, ni nɛkɛ be nɛɛ mli lɛ, ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii lɛ baaha ŋmeii lɛ ahe. Thoreau ko ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ ŋma yɛ “Walden” lɛ mli akɛ: “Beni chestnut lɛ shwere lɛ, mibua bushel fã yɛ fɛ̃i be mli.” “Yɛ nakai be lɛ mli lɛ, eji miishɛɛ sane waa akɛ ooonyiɛ chestnut koo ni bɛ naagbee ni yɔɔ Lincoln lɛ mli yɛ nakai beaŋ.”
Anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ chestnut nɔ waa. Nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ oak tsei ni shwieɔ ŋmeii pɛ yɛ afii fioo komɛi amli lɛ, chestnut tsei woɔ ŋmeii babaoo daa fɛ̃i be mli. Chestnuts hu he waaa: obaanyɛ ojie amɛhe ni oye eko ni ŋmɔŋ. (Kaa acorns ni tannins eyi mli obɔ lɛ okwɛ-loo kaafee nakai.) Mɔ fɛɛ mɔ yeɔ chestnut: tsina, ŋshɔŋloo, tsina, okpo, gbɔmɔ. Okwaafoi lɛ ŋmɛɔ amɛ tsinabii lɛ ni amɛnáa fɔ yɛ koo lɛ mli. Yɛ Blonya beaŋ lɛ, oketekei ni eyi obɔ kɛ ŋmeii lɛ fãa kɛjɛɔ gɔji lɛ anɔ kɛyaa maŋ lɛ mli. Hɛɛ, la ni tsoɔ lɛ shã amɛ diɛŋtsɛ. William L. Bray, ni ji skul ni Maynard kɛ Powell tsu nii yɛ mli sɛɛ mli lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Akɛɔ akɛ yɛ hei komɛi lɛ, okwaafoi náa shika babaoo kɛjɛɔ ŋmeii ni amɛhɔ̃ɔ lɛ amli fe okwaayeli nibii krokomɛi fɛɛ.” Aŋma yɛ afi 1915. Eji gbɔmɛi lɛ atso, ni amɛteŋ babaoo kwɛ̃ɔ yɛ koo mli.
Ekɛ babaoo hu haa fe niyenii kɛkɛ. Chestnut tsei baanyɛ aya ŋwɛi kɛyashɛ ninetalɔi 120, ni niji loo ŋmeii gbaaa klɛŋklɛŋ ninetalɔi 50 lɛ naa. Enɛ ji tsei ahe nitsulɔi lɛ alamɔ. Eyɛ mli akɛ ejeee tso ni yɔɔ fɛo fe fɛɛ loo nɔ ni wa fe fɛɛ moŋ, shi edaa oya waa, titri lɛ kɛ́ ekwɛ̃ ekoŋŋ beni afo lɛ sɛɛ ni egbooo. Beni oketeke gbɛ he tsɔnei kɛ tɛlifoŋ tsei lɛ ahiɔ shi be kakadaŋŋ fe fɛoyeli lɛ, Chestnut ye ebua ni ama Amerika ni nitsumɔhei wuji yɔɔ mli lɛ. Gbɛjegbɛi, tsũi bibii kɛ sɔlemɔtsui akpei abɔ ni akɛ ŋmeii fee lɛ damɔ shi lolo; woloŋmalɔ ko bu akɔntaa yɛ afi 1915 akɛ tso nɛɛ ji tso ni afoɔ fe fɛɛ yɛ United States.
Yɛ bokagbɛ hei babaoo lɛ-tsei lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ Mississippi kɛyaa Maine, kɛjɛ Atlantik ŋshɔ lɛ naa kɛyaa Mississippi Faa lɛ naa-chestnuts hu ji amɛteŋ ekome. Shi yɛ Appalachian gɔji lɛ anɔ lɛ, eji tso agbo ko. Chestnut tsei akpekpei akpei abɔ hiɔ gɔji nɛɛ anɔ.
Esa jogbaŋŋ akɛ Fusarium wilt lɛ je kpo klɛŋklɛŋ yɛ New York, ni ji shinaa ni Amerikabii babaoo tsɔɔ mli lɛ. Yɛ afi 1904 lɛ, ana hela ko ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ yɛ chestnut tso ko ni miihe afite lɛ he yɛ Bronx Koolooi Akwɛmɔhe lɛ. Nibii amlitaolɔi na oya akɛ, ŋmei ni kɛ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ baa (ni sɛɛ mli lɛ atsɛɔ lɛ Cryphonectria parasitica) lɛ ba Japan tsei ni akɛba maŋsɛɛ lɛ anɔ yɛ afi 1876 mli tɔ̃ɔ.
Etsɛɛɛ ni mɛi ni yɔɔ maji srɔtoi anɔ lɛ bɔ tsei ni miigboi lɛ he amaniɛ. Yɛ afi 1906 lɛ, William A. Murrill, ni ji tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nilelɔ ni yɔɔ New York Botanical Garden lɛ ŋma klɛŋklɛŋ jeŋ nilee mli sane ni kɔɔ hela nɛɛ he. Muriel tsɔɔ mli akɛ nɛkɛ ŋmei nɛɛ haa ŋmei ni tsuɔ tamɔ ŋmɔtɔ baa chestnut tso lɛ yitso nɔ, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ, ehaa ehe tseɔ yɛ tso lɛ shishi lɛ he. Kɛ́ niyenii mli hewalɛ kɛ nu nyɛɛɛ atsɔ ŋwɛi kɛ shikpɔŋ yɛ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii lɛ ashishi lɛ amli dɔŋŋ lɛ, nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ gbele ŋmeii lɛ anɔ lɛ baagbo.
Mɛi komɛi nyɛɛɛ asusu-loo amɛsumɔɔɔ ni mɛi krokomɛi asusu-tso ko ni laajeɔ kɛjɛɔ koo lɛ mli lɛ he. Yɛ afi 1911 lɛ, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, ni ji gbekɛbii askul nitsumɔhe ko ni yɔɔ Pennsylvania lɛ he eye akɛ hela lɛ “fe gbeyeishemɔ ko kɛkɛ.” Adafitswaa woji aŋmalalɔi ni bɛ gbɛnaa nii lɛ ashihilɛ be kakadaŋŋ. Agbe ŋmɔ lɛ naa yɛ afi 1913. Afii enyɔ ni eho nɛ lɛ, Pennsylvania tsɛ chestnut hela he ajinafoi akuu ko, ni aha amɛ hegbɛ ni amɛfite U.S. dɔlai 275,000 (shika babaoo yɛ nakai beaŋ), ni amɛtswa hewalɛi ni akɛbaatsu nii koni akɛwu ashi piŋmɔ nɛɛ he adafi, ni hegbɛ ni akɛfiteɔ tsei ni yɔɔ aŋkroaŋkroi adɛŋ lɛ fata he. Helai ahe nilelɔi woɔ ŋaa akɛ ajie chestnut tsei fɛɛ ni yɔɔ kilomitai fioo komɛi kɛjɛ hela titri lɛ hiɛ lɛ koni ekɛ la ni tsiɔ mɔ naa lɛ aba. Shi ebafeɔ akɛ nɛkɛ ŋmei nɛɛ baanyɛ atsɔ tsei ni hela emɔko amɛ lɛ anɔ, ni kɔɔyɔɔ, okpoi, kooloi bibii kɛ gbɔmɛi yeɔ eshishifãi lɛ anɔ. Ashi gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ.
Beni shɛɔ afi 1940 lɛ, no mli lɛ eshwɛ fioo ni chestnut agbo ko kwraa bɛ ni hela lɛ emɔ amɛ. Ŋmɛnɛ, ajie dɔlai akpekpei toi akpei abɔ ni jara wa lɛ kɛjɛ shihilɛ mli. Akɛni fusarium wilt nyɛɛɛ ahi shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ hewɔ lɛ, chestnut shishifãi yaa nɔ amɛkwɛ̃ɔ, ni amɛteŋ nɔ ni fa fe akpekpei 400 yɛ koo lɛ mli lolo. Shi kɛlɛ, Fusarium wilt lɛ na nubu ko yɛ odum tso lɛ mli he ni eyɔɔ lɛ ni ekɛ nɔ ko kwraa baaa egbɔ lɛ nɔ. Ejɛɔ jɛmɛ egbɛɔ eshwaa oya kɛyaa chestnut ŋmeii heei anɔ ni etswaa amɛ ekoŋŋ kɛyaa shikpɔŋ, bei pii lɛ, be kakadaŋŋ dani amɛshɛɔ fɔfɔii ahe.
Tsoi ahe nitsumɔhe lɛ ena gbɛi krokomɛi ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii: oak, pine, walnut, kɛ ashwishwɛ. Tanning, ni ji nitsumɔhe wulu kroko ni kɛ ehe fɔ̃ɔ chestnut tsei anɔ lɛ etsake kɛtee tsofai ni akɛfee tsofai ni akɛwoɔ hewolo nɔ lɛ anɔ. Kɛha okwaafoi ohiafoi babaoo lɛ, nɔ ko bɛ ni amɛbaanyɛ amɛtsake: maŋ tso kroko bɛ ni haa okwaafoi kɛ amɛkooloi lɛ calories kɛ protein babaoo ni aheee nɔ ko, ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ, ni fa babaoo. Abaanyɛ akɛɛ akɛ chestnut hela lɛ gbeɔ nifeemɔ ko ni afɔɔ feemɔ yɛ Appalachianbii ni yeɔ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛhe okwaayeli lɛ mli lɛ naa, ni enyɛɔ mɛi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ anɔ koni amɛhala nɔ ko ni yɔɔ faŋŋ: amɛya ŋtayaa ŋmɔ mli loo amɛshi. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Donald Davis ŋma yɛ afi 2005 akɛ: “Yɛ ŋmeii ni gboi lɛ ahewɔ lɛ, je muu lɛ fɛɛ egbo, ni ejie kusumii ni akɛhiɔ shi ni yɔɔ Appalachian Gɔji lɛ anɔ nɔ ni fe afii ohai ejwɛ nɛ lɛ kɛtee.”
Powell da yɛ he ko ni kɛ Appalachianbii kɛ ŋmeii tsei lɛ teŋ jɛkɛ waa. Etsɛ sɔmɔ yɛ Kɔɔyɔŋ Asraafoi lɛ amli ni efã kɛtee eweku lɛ mli: Indiana, Florida, Germany, kɛ Maryland bokagbɛ ŋshɔ lɛ naa. Eyɛ mli akɛ ekɛ be ko tsu nii yɛ New York moŋ, shi ewiemɔi lɛ hiɛ Midwest wiemɔi ni yɔɔ faŋŋ kɛ Southbii ahe jwɛŋmɔ ni ejaaa ni yɔɔ mlɛo shi anaa lɛ mli. Ejeŋba ni yɔɔ mlɛo kɛ bɔ ni ekɛkpɛɔ atadei lɛ yeɔ ebuaa amɛhe, ni ejieɔ jins ni tamɔ nɔ ni atadei ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ ni bɛ naagbee lɛ tsɔɔ mli. Ewiemɔ ni esumɔɔ waa ji “wow”.
Powell eto gbɛjianɔ koni ebatsɔ kooloi ahelatsamɔ he datrɛfonyo kɛyashi be mli ni fɔmɔ nii ahe nilelɔ ko baawo lɛ shi akɛ ebaaha lɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ akɛ ebaaná okwaayeli hee ni yɔɔ ŋmɔlɔŋmɔlɔ ni damɔ tsei ni atsake amɛ fɔmɔ nii anɔ ni baanyɛ afee lɛ diɛŋtsɛ enyɛmɔi ni tsiɔ kooloi kɛ helai anaa lɛ nɔ. “Misusu akɛ, wow, ehiii akɛ ooofee tsei ni baanyɛ abu ohe kɛjɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe, ni ehe ehiaaa ni okɛ tsofa ko ni gbeɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ashwie nɔ?” Powell kɛɛ. “Eji anɔkwale akɛ, je lɛŋ hei krokomɛi lɛ nyiɛɛɛɛ susumɔ kome too lɛ nɔŋŋ sɛɛ.”
Beni Powell yashɛ Utah State University skul ni gbeɔ nikasemɔ naa lɛ yɛ afi 1983 lɛ, esusuuu he. Shi kɛlɛ, ebalɛ akɛ ekɛ ehe wo wala yibii ahe nilelɔ ko laboratori mli, ni eetsu hela ko ni baanyɛ aha blight fungus lɛ agbɔjɔ lɛ he nii. Mɔdɛŋ ni amɛbɔ koni amɛkɛ hela nɛɛ atsu nii lɛ eyaaa nɔ jogbaŋŋ: egbɛɛɛ eshwaaa kɛjɛɔ tso nɔ kɛyaa tso nɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ, no hewɔ lɛ ehe bahia ni afee lɛ bɔ ni sa kɛha tsɛŋemɔ helai srɔtoi srɔtoi srɔtoi. Yɛ enɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, tso agbo ko ni gbee shi lɛ he sane lɛ sa Powell he waa ni ekɛ jeŋ nilee mli tsabaa kɛha tɔmɔi ni yɔɔ awerɛho ni adesai kɛbaa lɛ ha. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Akɛni wɔkwɛɛɛ wɔ nibii ni fãa kɛyaa je lɛŋ he fɛɛ he lɛ anɔ jogbaŋŋ hewɔ lɛ, wɔkɛ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ ba maŋsɛɛ yɛ oshara mli.” "Misusu akɛ: Wow, enɛ yɛ miishɛɛ. Hegbɛ yɛ ni akɛbaaku sɛɛ aba."
Jeee Powell ji mɔ klɛŋklɛŋ ni bɔ mɔdɛŋ ni ejie nibii ni elaaje lɛ kɛjɛ mli. Beni ebafee faŋŋ akɛ Amerika ŋmeii lɛ baafite lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, USDA lɛ bɔ mɔdɛŋ ni edu Chinese ŋmeii tsei, ni ji amɛtsɛkwɛ̃ ko ni nyɛɔ eshiɔ ŋmeii babaoo lɛ, koni amɛnu shishi kɛji nɛkɛ ŋmeii nɛɛ baanyɛ aye Amerika ŋmeii lɛ najiaŋ. Shi kɛlɛ, chestnuts lɛ daa kɛyaa kponɔgbɛ fe fɛɛ, ni etamɔ aduawai tsei fe aduawai tsei. Oak tsei kɛ Amerika tsei wuji krokomɛi ha amɛfee bibioo yɛ koo lɛ mli. Atsĩɔ amɛdalɛ naa, loo amɛgboiɔ kɛkɛ. Jeŋ nilelɔi hu bɔ mɔdɛŋ ni amɛkɛ chestnut ni jɛ United States kɛ China lɛ afee ekome kɛfɔ, ni amɛhiɛ ka nɔ akɛ amɛbaaná tso ko ni hiɛ sui kpakpai ni yɔɔ amɛyi enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ. Nɔyeli lɛ mɔdɛŋbɔɔ lɛ yeee omanye ni ashi.
Powell gbe nitsumɔ naa yɛ New York State University Skul ni Kwɛɔ Shihilɛ He Saji kɛ Kooi Ahe Saji Anɔ lɛ, he ni ekɛ Chuck Maynard, ni ji fɔmɔ nii ahe nilelɔ ni du tsei yɛ laboratori lɛ mli lɛ kpe yɛ lɛ. Afii fioo komɛi ni eho nɛ lɛ, jeŋ nilelɔi fee klɛŋklɛŋ tso mli fãji ni atsake amɛ wala yibii lɛ-ni amɛkɛ wala yibii ni haa tsofai ni gbeɔ helai lɛ nyɛɔ amɛyeɔ tawa nɔ lɛ fata he kɛha ŋaa gbɛ nɔ nifeemɔi moŋ fe jarayeli nitsumɔ ko. Maynard (Maynard) bɔi tsɔnei heei ahe nitsumɔ, yɛ be mli ni etaoɔ tsɔnei ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ ni kɔɔ he lɛ. Nakai beaŋ lɛ, Darling yɛ dumɔwui komɛi kɛ kaa ko: Amerika ŋmeii ni ji ŋmeii lɛ asaamɔ.
Yɛ afii akpei abɔ ni akɛtsu nii yɛ blema beaŋ lɛ mli lɛ, okwaafoi (kɛ jeŋ nilelɔi ni eba nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ) efo tsei srɔtoi ni yɔɔ sui ni ataoɔ lɛ amli. Kɛkɛ lɛ, akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai lɛ futuɔ amɛhe yɛ adebɔɔ naa, ni gbɔmɛi halaa tsɛŋemɔ helai ni woɔ shi kɛha nɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ-aduawai ni da, ni ŋɔɔ waa loo helai ni nyɛɔ amɛyeɔ amɛhe. Bei pii lɛ, eheɔ yinɔi babaoo dani anyɛɔ afeɔ nɔ ko. Gbɛ nɛɛ yaa blɛoo ni ehaa mɔ tsui fãa fioo. Darling susu he akɛ ani gbɛ nɛɛ baaha tso ko ni hi tamɔ bɔ ni eyɔɔ koo lɛ mli lɛ aba. Ekɛɛ mi akɛ: “Misusuɔ akɛ wɔbaanyɛ wɔfee nɔ ni hi fe nakai.”
Genetic engineering tsɔɔ nɔkwɛmɔ babaoo: kɛji wala yibii pɔtɛɛ ko jɛ kooloi ni bɛ wekukpaa mli po lɛ, abaanyɛ ahala kɛha yiŋtoo pɔtɛɛ ko ni akɛwo wala yibii krokomɛi wala yibii amli. (Atsakeɔ wala yibii ni yɔɔ wala yibii ni jɛ kooloi srɔtoi amli lɛ amli wala yibii lɛ. Nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ, jeŋ nilelɔi efee ŋaai ni amɛkɛbaatsake wala yibii ni amɛtaoɔ amɛhe lɛ amli wala yibii lɛ tɛ̃ɛ.) Nɛkɛ ŋaa nɛɛ woɔ shi akɛ ebaatsu nii pɛpɛɛpɛ ni ebaafee oya bɔ ni anako eko dã. Powell heɔ eyeɔ akɛ etamɔ nɔ ni enɛ sa jogbaŋŋ kɛha Amerika tsei ni ji chestnuts, ni etsɛɔ amɛ akɛ “tsei ni miihe ashɛ emuu”-ni he wa, ni kɛlɛ, ni niyenii babaoo yɔɔ mli, ni biɔ tsakemɔ pɔtɛɛ ko pɛ: he ni amɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ.
Suɔlɔ kpɛlɛɔ nɔ. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Esa akɛ wɔná tsɔnei ahe nilelɔi yɛ wɔ nitsumɔ lɛ mli.” “Kɛjɛ tsumaa nɔ kɛyashi tsumaa nɔ lɛ, enɛ ji tsɔne ko ni tsuɔ nii diɛŋtsɛ.”
Powell kɛ Maynard bu akɔntaa akɛ ekolɛ ebaahe afii nyɔŋma dani ana tsɛŋemɔ helai ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ, ni afee ŋaa ni akɛbaafata chestnut tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ he, ni no sɛɛ lɛ akwɛ amɛ. Powell kɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔmiisusu he kɛkɛ. "Mɔ ko mɔ ko bɛ wala yibii ni haa tsɛŋemɔ hela nyɛɔ etsuɔ ​​nii. Wɔje shishi kɛjɛ he ko ni nɔ ko bɛ mli."
Darling tao yelikɛbuamɔ kɛjɛ American Chestnut Foundation, ni ji gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni taooo shika ni ato shishi yɛ 1980 afii lɛ shishijee gbɛ lɛ dɛŋ. Ehiɛnyiɛlɔ lɛ kɛɛ lɛ akɛ nɔ titri ni elaaje ji. Amɛtu amɛhe amɛha bɔɔ nii ni akɛ amɛ feɔ ekome lɛ ni amɛkwɛɔ amɛhe nɔ jogbaŋŋ yɛ bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahe nitsumɔ he, ni enɛ etee shitee-kɛ-woo kɛjɛ shihilɛ mli nibii ahe nilelɔi adɛŋ. No hewɔ lɛ, Darling to lɛ diɛŋtsɛ egbɛjianɔtoo ni taooo shika koni ekɛwo fɔmɔ nii ahe nitsumɔ he shika. Powell kɛɛ akɛ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ ŋma klɛŋklɛŋ shika ni ji dɔlai 30,000 lɛ eha Maynard kɛ Powell. (Yɛ afi 1990 lɛ, maŋ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ tsake ni ekpɛlɛ Darling kuu ni fãa ehe lɛ nɔ akɛ eji maŋ nitsumɔhe nine klɛŋklɛŋ, shi emli bii lɛ ekomɛi ayiŋ fee amɛ kɔshikɔshi lolo loo amɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ fɔmɔ nii ahe nilee kwraa.)
Maynard kɛ Powell yɛ nitsumɔ mli. Nɔ ni miihe ashɛ amrɔ nɔŋŋ lɛ, be ni amɛbu he akɔntaa lɛ bafee nɔ ni bɛ mli. Klɛŋklɛŋ gbɛtsii nii ji bɔ ni aaafee akwɛ chestnuts yɛ laboratori lɛ mli lɛ he susumɔ. Maynard bɔ mɔdɛŋ ni ekɛ chestnut baai kɛ tsofa ni haa mɔ daa lɛ afutu plastic petri dish ko ni mli ekɔɔɔ ni yɔɔ kokroo mli, ni eji gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akwɛɔ poplar tsei lɛ anɔ. Etsɔɔ akɛ enɛ jeee nɔ ni yɔɔ diɛŋtsɛ. Tsei heei kɛ shishifãi kɛ ŋmeii baajɛ wala yibii pɔtɛɛ komɛi amli. Maynard kɛɛ akɛ: “Miji jeŋ muu fɛɛ hiɛnyiɛlɔ yɛ chestnut tsei agbemɔ mli.” Yɛ naagbee lɛ, niiamlitaolɔ ko ni yɔɔ Georgia Yunivɛsiti lɛ, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) tsɔɔ Maynard bɔ ni afeɔ ajɛɔ ŋmeii ni akɛwoɔ fɔmɔ kotoku mli lɛ amli kɛyaa ŋmeii ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ amli yɛ fɔmɔ kotoku mli yɛ be mli ni amɛdaraa lɛ.
Gene ni sa lɛ namɔ-Powell nitsumɔ lɛ-hu bafee nɔ ni wa. Ekɛ afii babaoo tao tsofa ko ni gbeɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli ni damɔ ŋmeii amli lɛ nɔ, shi ekpa tsofa nɛɛ yɛ haomɔ ni eyɔɔ akɛ ekolɛ maŋbii lɛ ekpɛlɛŋ tsei ni ŋmeii yɔɔ mli lɛ anɔ lɛ hewɔ. Etao tsofa ko ni teɔ shi ewoɔ helai ni baa mɔ mli lɛ hu yɛ chestnuts mli, shi ena akɛ tsofai babaoo ni akɛbuɔ tso lɛ he lɛ fata he (kɛ hoo lɛ, amɛyoo enumɔ). Kɛkɛ ni yɛ afi 1997 lɛ, minaanyo ko ku esɛɛ kɛjɛ jeŋ nilee he kpee ko shishi ni eŋmala sane kuku ko kɛ shiɛmɔ wiemɔ ko. Powell kadi saneyitso ko ni yitso ji “Oxalate oxidase ni ajieɔ lɛ kpo yɛ tsei ni atsake amɛhe lɛ amli lɛ haa oxalate kɛ ŋmeii ni feɔ oxalate lɛ nyɛɔ amɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ amɛ.” Powell jɛ niiamlitaomɔ ni efee yɛ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ ahe lɛ mli akɛ, wilt fungi lɛ jieɔ oxalic acid ni gbeɔ chestnut ŋmeii lɛ ni ehaa ŋmeii lɛ shwieɔ shi oya. Powell yɔse akɛ kɛji akɛ chestnut baanyɛ afee lɛ diɛŋtsɛ e-oxalate oxidase (protein krɛdɛɛ ko ni baanyɛ akumɔ oxalate) lɛ, no lɛ ekolɛ ebaanyɛ efã ehe. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “No ji mi-Eureka be lɛ.”
Etsɔɔ akɛ tsei babaoo yɛ nɔ ko ni haa amɛfeɔ oxalate oxidase. Kɛjɛ niiamlitaolɔ ni ha wiemɔ lɛ ŋɔɔ lɛ, Powell ná ŋmaa henɔ ko. Nikaselɔ ko ni egbe nikasemɔ naa ni atsɛɔ lɛ Linda Polin McGuigan lɛ ha “gene gun” he ŋaalee lɛ tee hiɛ koni ekɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai awo chestnut fɔmɔ kotoku mli, ni ehiɛ ka nɔ akɛ abaanyɛ akɛwo fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ DNA lɛ mli. Gene lɛ hi fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ mli be kukuoo ko, shi no sɛɛ lɛ elaaje. Nibii amlitaomɔ kuu lɛ kpa gbɛ nɛɛ ni amɛtsake kɛtee helatsɛmɛi ahelatsɛ ko ni be saŋŋ ni eho lɛ efee gbɛ ko ni atsɔɔ nɔ ajieɔ nibii krokomɛi ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ a-DNA lɛ ni akɛ amɛmli wala yibii lɛ woɔ mli lɛ nɔ. Yɛ adebɔɔ mli lɛ, nibii bibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ kɛ wala yibii ni nyɛɔ gbɔ lɛ nɔ koni efee bacteria niyenii fataa he. Mɛi ni kaseɔ wala yibii ahe nii lɛ tutua helatsɛmɛi ahelatsɛ nɛɛ koni enyɛ ekɛ wala yibii fɛɛ ni jeŋ nilelɔ lɛ taoɔ lɛ awo mli. McGuigan ná nyɛmɔ ni ekɛ ŋmaa mli wala yibii kɛ protein ni haa mɔ he jɔɔ lɛ baafata chestnut fɔmɔ kotokui lɛ ahe yɛ gbɛ ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔ̃ɔ nɔ nɔ. Kɛ́ akɛ tsɔne bibioo ko ni akɛkwɛɔ nibii bibii amli lɛ shwie protein lɛ nɔ lɛ, protein lɛ baajie kane ko ni tsuɔ nii, ni tsɔɔ akɛ eye omanye yɛ mli. (Kuu lɛ kpa marker proteins kɛ nitsumɔ oya-mɔ ko mɔ ko sumɔɔɔ tso ni baanyɛ akpɛ.) Maynard tsɛ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii lɛ akɛ “nɔ ni yɔɔ fɛo fe fɛɛ yɛ je lɛŋ.”
Yɛ be ni sa mli lɛ, Maynard kɛ Powell ma chestnut tsɔne ni akɛbuaa naa, ni amrɔ nɛɛ eshɛ 1960 afii lɛ amli brikii kɛ sũ ni akɛfee koo mli niiamlitaomɔ tsu fɛfɛo ko lɛ tsũi babaoo lɛ amli, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu “Biotech Accelerator” nitsumɔhe hee ni kpɛɔ ni yɔɔ skul lɛ sɛɛ lɛ. Gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ ji ni ahala fɔmɔ kotokui ni kwɛ̃ɔ kɛjɛɔ wala yibii ni tamɔ amɛhe lɛ amli (fɔfɔi ni afee yɛ laboratorii amli lɛ ateŋ babaoo efeee enɛ, no hewɔ lɛ sɛɛnamɔ ko bɛ he akɛ afee klon) ni akɛ ŋmaa wala yibii awo mli. Fufɔ mli wala yibii, tamɔ agar, ji nɔ ko ni tamɔ pudding ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ ŋmeii amli. Bɔni afee ni niiamlitaolɔi lɛ atsake fɔmɔ kotoku lɛ ni etsɔ tso lɛ, amɛkɛ tsofa ko ni haa mɔ daa lɛ fata he. Abaanyɛ akɛ plastic tsɛnsii ohai abɔ ni tamɔ cube ni chestnut tsei bibii ni bɛ shishifãi yɔɔ mli lɛ awo adeka nɔ yɛ kane ko ni tsoɔ waa ni haa hulu kpɛɔ lɛ shishi. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, jeŋ nilelɔi lɛ kɛ tsofa ko ni haa shishifãi baa lɛ wo amɛmli, ni amɛdu amɛshishijee tsei lɛ yɛ tsɛnsii ni sũ eyi mli obɔ lɛ amli, ni amɛkɛwo he ko ni hulutsoo be lɛ yaa hiɛ yɛ mli. Ebɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ tsei ni yɔɔ laboratori lɛ mli lɛ bɛ shihilɛ kpakpa mli yɛ kpo nɔ. No hewɔ lɛ, niiamlitaolɔi lɛ kɛ amɛ kɛ koo mli tsei fee ekome koni amɛfee nɔkwɛmɔnii ni wa shi amɛnyɛŋ amɛye nɔ lolo kɛha ŋmɔ mli kaa.
Latsaa bei enyɔ ni eho nɛ lɛ, Hannah Pilkey, ni ji nikaselɔ ko ni egbe nikasemɔ naa yɛ Powell laboratorio lɛ mli lɛ tsɔɔ mi bɔ ni afeɔ enɛ ahaa. Ekɛ ŋmei ni kɛ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ baa lɛ wo plastic petri tsinsii bibioo ko mli. Yɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ ni agbele nɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, helatsɛ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔtɔ mli lɛ tamɔ nɔ ni bɛ gbeyei ni eshwɛ fioo ni ebaafee fɛo. Ewa akɛ aaasusu akɛ no ji nɔ ni kɛ gbele kɛ hiɛkpatamɔ babaoo baa.
Giraffe ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ kotoshi yɛ shikpɔŋ, ni ekadi tso bibioo ko fã ni kɛlɛ ji milimita enumɔ lɛ, ni ekɛ scalpel ŋmɔ fãi etɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, ni ekɛ ŋmɔtɔ shwie pilamɔ lɛ nɔ. Ekɛ plastic sini ko tsi amɛhe. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Etamɔ band-aid.” Akɛni enɛ ji tso ko ni “kudɔɔ” tso ni nyɛɛɛ atsu nii hewɔ lɛ, ekpaa gbɛ akɛ ŋmei mli hela lɛ baagbɛ eshwa oya kɛjɛ he ni awo lɛ tsofa lɛ yɛ lɛ, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ ebaabɔle ŋmeii bibii lɛ ahe. Etsɔɔ mi tsei komɛi ni ŋmaa mli wala yibii ni etsu he nii tsutsu lɛ yɔɔ mli. He ni afo lɛ lɛ pɛ ji he ni hela lɛ baa, tamɔ ŋmɔtɔ ni yɔɔ ŋmɔtɔ ni bɛŋkɛ daaŋ bibioo lɛ he lɛ pɛ.
Yɛ afi 2013 lɛ, Maynard kɛ Powell tswa omanye ni amɛye yɛ Transgenic Research mli lɛ he adafi: Beni ana Amerika chestnut hela lɛ sɛɛ afii 109 lɛ, amɛfee Tsei ko ni tamɔ nɔ ni amɛbuɔ amɛhe, kɛji akɛ ŋmeii babaoo ni shwieɔ shi lɛ tutua amɛ po. Bɔni afee ni awo amɛ klɛŋklɛŋ mɔ ni kɛ shika ha fe fɛɛ lɛ hiɛ nyam lɛ, ekɛ aaafee dɔlai 250,000 wo mli, ni niiamlitaolɔi kɛ egbɛi ewo tsei amli. Atsɛɔ enɛ Suɔlɔ 58.
Afee American Chestnut Foundation lɛ New York Yitso lɛ daa afi kpee lɛ yɛ gbɔiatoohe bibioo ko ni yɔɔ New Paltz kponɔ lɛ mli yɛ Hɔgbaa ko ni nugbɔ nɛɔ yɛ October 2018. Mɛi aaafee 50 bua amɛhe naa. Kpee nɛɛ fã ko ji jeŋ nilee kpee, ni fã ko hu ji chestnut tsakemɔ kpee. Yɛ kpeehe bibioo ko sɛɛ lɛ, emli bii lɛ tsake Ziploc kotokui ni eyi kɛ ŋmeii. Kpee nɛɛ ji klɛŋklɛŋ be yɛ afii 28 ni eho lɛ mli ni Darling loo Maynard eyaaa. Helai ahe naagbai ha amɛyi enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ amɛtee. Allen Nichols, ni ji kuu lɛ sɛinɔtalɔ lɛ kɛɛ mi akɛ: “Wɔfee enɛ be kakadaŋŋ, ni nɔ ni miihe ashɛ daa afi lɛ wɔfeɔ dioo kɛhaa gbohii lɛ.” Shi fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, jwɛŋmɔ lɛ yɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ lolo: tso ni atsake lɛ mli wala yibii lɛ eho shweshweeshwefeemɔ kɛ bɔ ni etsuɔ ​​nii jogbaŋŋ ehaa lɛ he kaai ni wa lɛ amli afii babaoo.
Yitso lɛ mli bii lɛ kɛ shihilɛ ni yɔɔ chestnut tso agbo fɛɛ tso agbo ni hiɔ New York State lɛ mli lɛ he hiɛkpamɔ fitsofitso ha. Pilkey kɛ nikaselɔi krokomɛi ni egbe nikasemɔ naa lɛ jie bɔ ni abuaa ŋmeii anaa ni akɛtoɔ, bɔ ni aduɔ chestnuts yɛ shĩa mli kanei ashishi, kɛ bɔ ni akɛ blight hela woɔ shikpɔŋ nɔ koni tsei lɛ ahi shi be kakadaŋŋ lɛ kpo. Mɛi ni yɔɔ cashew chested, ni amɛteŋ mɛi babaoo shwieɔ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛ tsei amli ŋmɔtɔ ni amɛduɔ lɛ bi jeŋ nilelɔi oblahii kɛ oblayei saji.
Bowell wo shikpɔŋ, ni ewo nɔ ko ni tamɔ nɔ ni ji atade ni jeee nɔ ni maŋ lɛ woɔ kɛha yitso nɛɛ: atade ni akɛwo tsitsi nɔ ni akɛwo jins mli. E-jwɛŋmɔ kome ni ekɛtiuɔ sɛɛ-afii nyɔŋmai etɛ nitsumɔ ni ato he gbɛjianɔ yɛ Herb Darling oti ni ma ehiɛ akɛ ebaaná chestnuts ekoŋŋ lɛ he lɛ faaa yɛ jeŋ nilelɔi ni kaseɔ nii lɛ ateŋ, ni bei pii lɛ amɛfeɔ niiamlitaomɔ yɛ afii enumɔ shika helɛtemɔ mli, ni no sɛɛ lɛ, akɛ nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa ni woɔ shi lɛ haa mɛi krokomɛi koni amɛkɛtsu nii yɛ jarayeli mli. Don Leopold, ni ji enaanyo nitsulɔ yɛ Powell Shihilɛ He Nilee kɛ Kooi Ahe Nitsumɔhe lɛ kɛɛ mi akɛ: “Eboɔ mɔ toi jogbaŋŋ ni etsɔseɔ mɔ.” "Ewoɔ muhɔɔi lɛ. Nibii krokomɛi babaoo gbalaaa ejwɛŋmɔ. Be ni niiamlitaomɔ lɛ tee hiɛ lɛ, maŋ onukpai ni yɔɔ New York Yunivɛsiti lɛ (SUNY) lɛ kɛ lɛ kpe ni amɛbi ni aha lɛ hegbɛ kɛha etso lɛ koni univɛsiti lɛ ana he sɛɛ, shi Powell kpoo. Ekɛɛ akɛ tsei ni atsake amɛmli wala yibii lɛ tamɔ tsei ni yɔɔ Powell tsũ lɛ mli lɛ.
Shi ebɔ amɛ kɔkɔ akɛ: Beni amɛye ŋaa gbɛtsii nii lɛ ateŋ babaoo nɔ kunim sɛɛ lɛ, ekolɛ tsei ni atsake amɛmli wala yibii lɛ kɛ kaa kpeteŋkpele baakpe agbɛnɛ: U.S. nɔyeli lɛ. Otsii fioo komɛi ni eho nɛ lɛ, Powell kɛ wolo ko ni miihe ashɛ baafai 3,000 tee U.S. Okwaafoi anitsumɔhe ni kwɛɔ kooloi kɛ tsei ahewalɛ nɔ lɛ, ni ji nitsumɔhe ni kwɛɔ tsei ni atsake amɛmli lɛ anɔ lɛ. Enɛ jeɔ nitsumɔhe lɛ kpɛlɛmɔ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ shishi: kwɛɔ nibimɔ lɛ mli, biɔ maŋbii lɛ asusumɔi, feemɔ shihilɛ mli nibii ni baajɛ mli aba lɛ he sane, bimɔ maŋbii lɛ ajwɛŋmɔi ekoŋŋ ni okpɛ oyiŋ. Ekolɛ nitsumɔ nɛɛ baahe afii babaoo. Kɛji yiŋkpɛɛ ko bɛ lɛ, nitsumɔ lɛ baanyɛ akpa. (Klɛŋklɛŋ maŋbii awiemɔ be lɛ egbeko naa lolo.)
Niiamlipɛilɔi lɛ eto gbɛjianɔ koni amɛkɛ nibimɔi krokomɛi aha Niyenii kɛ Tsofai Ahe Nitsumɔhe lɛ koni amɛkwɛ niyenii ni atsake amɛ wala yibii lɛ mli lɛ shweshweeshwe, ni Shihilɛ He Buu Nitsumɔhe lɛ baakwɛ bɔ ni tso nɛɛ saa shihilɛ he yɛ Federal Pesticide Law shishi, ni he hiaa kɛha tsei fɛɛ ni atsake amɛ wala yibii lɛ. nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli. “Enɛ mli wa fe jeŋ nilee!” mɔ ko ni yɔɔ toibolɔi lɛ ateŋ lɛ kɛɛ.
"Hɛɛ." Powell kpɛlɛ nɔ. "Jeŋ nilee yɛ miishɛɛ. Ehaa mɔ nijiaŋ jeɔ wui." (Sɛɛ mli lɛ, ekɛɛ mi akɛ: “Nitsumɔhei srɔtoi etɛ ni kwɛɔ nɔ lɛ ji nɔ ko ni fe nine. Egbeɔ nibii heei ni afee yɛ shihilɛ he buamɔ mli lɛ diɛŋtsɛ.”)
Bɔni afee ni amɛtsɔɔ akɛ amɛtso lɛ yɛ shweshweeshwe lɛ, Powell kuu lɛ fee kaai srɔtoi. Amɛhaa ŋmeii ni ji oxalate oxidase lɛ niyenii. Amɛsusu bɔ ni ŋmeii ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ lɛ daraa yɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ mli lɛ he. Amɛshi baai lɛ yɛ nu lɛ mli ni amɛtao hewalɛ ni amɛyɔɔ yɛ t. Anaaa nɔ fɔŋ ko yɛ nikasemɔi lɛ eko mli-yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, niyenii ni atsake mli lɛ nitsumɔ hi fe tsei komɛi ni atsakeee amɛ lɛ baai. Jeŋ nilelɔi kɛ ŋmeii lɛ maje Oak Ridge National Laboratory kɛ ŋmeii krokomɛi ni yɔɔ Tennessee lɛ koni amɛyapɛi mli, ni amɛnaaa srɔtofeemɔ ko yɛ ŋmeii ni tsei ni atsakeee amɛ lɛ feɔ lɛ ateŋ.
Nɔ ni jɛɔ mli baa ni tamɔ nɛkɛ baanyɛ aha mɛi ni kwɛɔ nibii anɔ lɛ aná nɔmimaa. Amɛhaŋ mɛi ni teɔ shi woɔ GMOs lɛ atsui anyɔ amɛmli. John Dougherty, ni ji jeŋ nilelɔ ko ni eba hejɔɔmɔ kɛjɛ Monsanto lɛ kɛ ŋaawoo nitsumɔi ha Powell yaka. Etsɛ shitee-kɛ-wolɔi nɛɛ akɛ “shitee-kɛ-woo.” Afii nyɔŋmai abɔ nɛ ni shihilɛ he gbɛjianɔtoi ebɔ kɔkɔ akɛ, kɛ́ ajie wala yibii ni yɔɔ kooloi srɔtoi ni yɔɔ shɔŋŋ lɛ ateŋ lɛ, ebaaha nɔ ko ni asusuuu he aba, tamɔ “jwɛi ni fe fɛɛ” ni fe adebɔɔ mli tsei lɛ afeemɔ, loo maŋsɛɛ wala yibii ni baanyɛ aha gbɔ lɛ aba lɛ. Amɛhaoɔ hu akɛ nitsumɔhei kɛ wala yibii ahe nilee tsuɔ nii koni amɛna hegbɛi kɛ nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ akudɔ.
Amrɔ nɛɛ, Powell kɛɛ akɛ enine shɛɛɛ shika ko nɔ tɛ̃ɛ kɛjɛɛɛ nitsumɔhei lɛ adɛŋ, ni ema nɔ mi akɛ shika ni akɛhaa laboratori lɛ “kɛ ehe kpaaa gbee.” Shi, Brenda Jo McManama, ni ji gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ “Shikpɔŋ nɔ Shihilɛ He Nitsumɔhe lɛ” he gbɛjianɔtolɔ lɛ tsɔɔ kpaŋmɔ ko ni afee yɛ afi 2010 mli ni Monsanto kɛ Chestnut Foundation kɛ ehefatalɔ nitsumɔhe nine ni ji New York lɛ ha lɛ mli Yitso lɛ ha hegbɛi enyɔ ni akɛtsakeɔ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ. (Powell kɛɛ akɛ nitsumɔhei ni kɛ shika haa, ni Monsanto fata he lɛ, feɔ nɔ ni shɛɛɛ 4% yɛ enitsumɔ shika fɛɛ mli.) McManama susuɔ akɛ Monsanto (ni Bayer nine shɛ nɔ yɛ afi 2018 lɛ) miitao yɛ teemɔŋ ni enine ashɛ hegbɛ nɔ kɛtsɔ nɔ ni tamɔ nɔ ni ji tso lɛ sɛɛkuu ni abaafee ekoŋŋ lɛ sɛɛfimɔ nɔ. Nitsumɔ ni pɛsɛmkunya bɛ mli. Ekɛɛ yɛ anɔkwale mli akɛ: “Monsan fɛɛ ji mɔ fɔŋ.”
Powell kɛɛ akɛ, hegbɛ ni akɛha tso lɛ yɛ afi 2010 kpaŋmɔ lɛ mli lɛ efo, ni kɛtsɔ etso lɛ he saji ni ejie lɛ kpo yɛ jeŋ nilee woji amli lɛ nɔ lɛ, ekwɛ koni anyɛɛɛ aha tso lɛ hegbɛ. Shi eyɔse akɛ enɛ haŋ haomɔi fɛɛ kɛya. Ekɛɛ akɛ, “Mile akɛ mɔ ko baakɛɛ akɛ ŋmei kɛkɛ ji bo kɛha Monsanto.” “Mɛni obaanyɛ ofee? Nɔ ko bɛ ni obaanyɛ ofee.”
Aaafee afii enumɔ ni eho nɛ lɛ, American Chestnut Foundation lɛ hiɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ mu sane naa akɛ amɛnyɛŋ amɛshɛ otii ni amɛkɛma amɛhiɛ lɛ ahe kɛtsɔ bɔɔ nii ni akɛwoɔ bɔɔ nii amli lɛ pɛ nɔ, no hewɔ lɛ amɛkpɛlɛ Powell bɔɔ nii ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtso lɛ mli lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ nɔ. Yiŋkpɛɛ nɛɛ kɛ gbeekpamɔi komɛi ba. Yɛ Otsokrikri 2019 lɛ, Massachusetts-Rhode Island Yitso ni yɔɔ Shishitoo lɛ sɛinɔtalɔ, Lois Breault-Melican, shi nitsumɔ lɛ, ni etsĩ Jeŋ Jalɛsaneyeli Ekoloji Nitsumɔ (Jeŋ Jalɛsaneyeli Nitsumɔ), gbɛjianɔtoo ni teɔ shi ewoɔ wala yibii ahe nitsumɔ ni yɔɔ Buffalo lɛ sɛɛ. Jalɛsaneyeli Ekoloji Nitsumɔ) sanegbaa; ewu Denis Melican hu shi nitsumɔhe nine lɛ. Dennis kɛɛ mi akɛ, gbalashihilɛ mli hefatalɔi lɛ hao titri akɛ ekolɛ Powell tsei ni atsɛɔ lɛ chestnuts lɛ baatsɔɔ akɛ eji “Trojan okpɔŋɔ,” ni enɛ gbele gbɛ kɛha jarayeli tsei krokomɛi ni abaanyɛ atsɔ tsɛŋemɔ helai ahe nitsumɔ nɔ awo amɛ hewalɛ fe nine.
Susan Offutt, ni ji okwaayeli he nilelɔ lɛ, tsuɔ nii akɛ National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Committee lɛ sɛinɔtalɔ, ni fee niiamlitaomɔ yɛ koo mli nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli ahe nilee he yɛ afi 2018. Etsɔɔ mli akɛ nɔyeli lɛ mlai ahe gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ kɛ ejwɛŋmɔ maa sane bibioo ni kɔɔ nibii ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe lɛ nɔ, ni ekɛ mɛi ni kwɛɔ nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ anɔ lɛ esusu he waa. mɛi ni teɔ shi woɔ GMO lɛ. “Mɛni ji sɛɛnamɔ ni yɔɔ koo lɛ mli diɛŋtsɛ?” ebi, akɛ naagba ko he nɔkwɛmɔnɔ, gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atsuɔ he nii lɛ etsuuu he nii. "Ani kooi yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛhe sɛɛnamɔi? Ani jeŋba he gbɛnaa nii yɛ wɔnɔ akɛ wɔsusu enɛ he beni wɔkpɛɔ yiŋ yɛ nibii ni akɛwoɔ mli lɛ ahe lɛ?"
Jeŋ nilelɔi ni mikɛ amɛ ewie lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo bɛ nɔ ko kwraa ni amɛaatsɔ nɔ amɛhao yɛ Powell tsei lɛ ahe, ejaakɛ koo lɛ efite babaoo: tsei ni afoɔ, shika tsuru ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ, nibii ni yaa hiɛ, kɛ kooloi bibii kɛ helai babaoo ni bɛ naagbee ni fiteɔ tsei lɛ. Yɛ amɛteŋ lɛ, atsɔɔ akɛ chestnut wilt ji An shishijee nifeemɔ. Gary Lovett, ni ji koo mli nibii ahe nilelɔ ni yɔɔ Cary Ecosystem Institute ni yɔɔ Millbrook, New York lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔkɛ nibii heei ni yeɔ emuu miiba be fɛɛ be. “Nɔ ni chestnuts ni atsake amɛmli wala yibii lɛ feɔ lɛ faaa kwraa.”
Donald Waller, ni ji koo mli nibii ahe nilelɔ ni ekpa nitsumɔ yɛ Wisconsin-Madison Yunivɛsiti lɛ etsɛko tsɔ lɛ tee hiɛ fe nakai. Ekɛɛ mi akɛ: “Yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ lɛ, mitsɔɔ bɔ ni oshara kɛ nyɔmɔwoo teŋ ja ha fioo. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, miyaa nɔ mikɛ miyitso shwieɔ osharai anɔ kɛkɛ.” Nɛkɛ tso ni atsake lɛ mli wala yibii nɛɛ baanyɛ afee koo lɛ he gbeyei. Nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ enɛ lɛ, “baafa ni yɔɔ nyɔmɔwoo lɛ shishi lɛ mli eyi obɔ kɛ niŋmaatsei kɛkɛ.” Ekɛɛ akɛ, yɛ naagbee lɛ, chestnut tso ni teɔ shi ewoɔ ŋmɔtɔ lɛ baaye koo ni awuu ta yɛ mli nɛɛ nɔ kunim. Hiɛnɔkamɔ he miihia gbɔmɛi. Okadii he miihia gbɔmɛi. ”
Powell sumɔɔ ni efee kpoo, shi mɛi ni yiŋ feɔ amɛ kɔshikɔshi yɛ fɔmɔ nii ahe lɛ baanyɛ akpokpo lɛ. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Shishinumɔ bɛ amɛhe kɛha mi.” “Amɛdamɔɔɔ jeŋ nilee nɔ.” Kɛ́ tsɔnei ahe nilelɔi fee tsɔnei loo smartfon ni hi jogbaŋŋ lɛ, mɔ ko mɔ ko ewieee huhuuhu, no hewɔ lɛ eesumɔ ni ele nɔ ni yɔɔ tsei ni afee amɛ jogbaŋŋ lɛ ahe. Powell kɛɛ akɛ: “Enɛ ji dɛŋdade ko ni baanyɛ aye abua.” “Mɛni hewɔ okɛɛ akɛ wɔnyɛŋ wɔkɛ dɛŋdade nɛɛ atsu nii? Wɔbaanyɛ wɔkɛ Phillips skrudraiva atsu nii, shi jeee skrudraiva ni afɔɔ nitsumɔ, ni nakai nɔŋŋ eji yɛ sɛɛ mli hu?”
Yɛ October afi 2018 shishijee gbɛ lɛ, mikɛ Powell tee ŋmɔ ko ni mli ejɔ ni yɔɔ Syracuse kooyigbɛ lɛ mli. Ehiɛ ka nɔ akɛ Amerika ŋmeii srɔtoi lɛ wɔsɛɛ be baaya hiɛ. Shwɛ fioo ni jɛmɛ baafee amaŋfɔ, ni eji hei fioo ni aŋmɛɔ tsei gbɛ koni amɛkwɛ̃ yɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome. Pine kɛ larch tsei ni kɛlɛ, ni ji niiamlitaomɔ nitsumɔ ko ni ashi be kakadaŋŋ lɛ mli nibii ni jɛ mli ba lɛ, shwieɔ shi kɛyaa bokagbɛ, ni ekɛ kɔɔyɔɔ ni yeɔ nɔ lɛ teŋ jɛkɛɔ, ni ehaa jɛmɛ feɔ gbeyei fioo.
Nibii amlitaolɔ Andrew Newhouse ni yɔɔ Powell laboratori lɛ miitsu tsei ni hi fe fɛɛ kɛha jeŋ nilelɔi lɛ ateŋ ekome he nii momo, ni ji koo mli tso ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ chestnut ni jɛ Virginia kooyigbɛ lɛ. Tso lɛ kɛlɛ aaafee ninetalɔi 25, ni edaa yɛ chestnut tso yibii abɔɔ ko ni ato he gbɛjianɔ trukaa mli, ni ŋshɔŋlooi ni kɛlɛ ji ninetalɔi 10 ebɔle he lɛ mli. Akɛ skul kotoku lɛ fĩ tso lɛ niji komɛi anaagbee. Newhouse tsɔɔ mli akɛ, plastic kotoku ni yɔɔ mli lɛ mli lɛ emɔ Darling 58 pollen ni jeŋ nilelɔi bi yɛ June mli lɛ mli, yɛ be mli ni dade kotoku ni yɔɔ kponɔgbɛ lɛ haaa ŋmeii lɛ akafee ŋmeii ni miida. United States Okwaafoi anitsumɔhe lɛ kwɛɔ gbɛjianɔtoo muu lɛ fɛɛ nɔ waa; dani abaajie mla lɛ kɛjɛ mli lɛ, esa akɛ ajie pollen loo ŋmeii ni jɛ tsei ni akɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai efata he yɛ gbogbo lɛ mli loo yɛ niiamlitaolɔ lɛ laboratori lɛ mli lɛ mli.
Newhouse kɛ tsɔnei ni akɛfoɔ tsei niji ni ajieɔ kɛjɛɔ mli lɛ tsu nii. Beni akɛ kpã gbalaa lɛ, tsɔne lɛ fã ni kotoku lɛ gbee shi. Newhouse tee nitsumɔhe nine ni nyiɛ sɛɛ ni akɛ baagi wo mli lɛ oya ni ekɛfee nakai ekoŋŋ. Powell bua kotokui ni egbee shi lɛ anaa ni ekɛwo plastic jwɛi kotoku agbo ko mli, tamɔ bɔ ni afeɔ atsuɔ nibii ni yɔɔ oshara ni wala yɔɔ mli lɛ ahe nii lɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Beni Newhouse kɛ Hannah Pilkey ku amɛsɛɛ amɛtee laboratori lɛ, amɛjie nu ni yɔɔ kotoku lɛ mli lɛ ni amɛjie ŋmeii ni tsuɔ tamɔ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii ni yɔɔ ŋmeii lɛ amli lɛ oya. Amɛkwɛɔ jogbaŋŋ koni ŋmeii lɛ akabote hewolo lɛ mli, ni eji nitsumɔ mli oshara yɛ chestnut he niiamlitaomɔ mli. Be ko ni eho lɛ, amɛsumɔɔ ŋmeii ni jara wa ni atsake amɛmli wala yibii lɛ fɛɛ. Be nɛɛ mli lɛ, naagbee lɛ amɛná babaoo: nɔ ni fe 1,000. Pirkey kɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔ fɛɛ wɔmiifee miishɛɛ jooi bibii.”
Sɛɛ mli yɛ nakai shwane lɛ, Powell kɛ ŋmeii lɛ tee Neil Patterson nitsumɔhe ni yɔɔ shĩa lɛ mli lɛ. No mli lɛ, eji Shikpɔŋ nɔ Bii Agbi (Columbus Gbi), ni Patterson, ni ji ESF Nitsumɔhe ni Kwɛɔ Shikpɔŋ nɔ Bii kɛ Shihilɛ Nɔ lɛ Nɔkwɛlɔ ni Yeɔ Ebuaa lɛ lɛ eku esɛɛ kɛjɛ skul lɛ mlijaa ejwɛ mli ekome mli, he ni enyiɛ maŋbii aniyenii he nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ko hiɛ yɛ lɛ. Ebii enyɔ lɛ kɛ enyɛmi yoo lɛ miitswa yɛ kɔmpiuta lɛ nɔ yɛ ɔfis lɛ. Mɔ fɛɛ mɔ shwieɔ ŋmeii ni eyeɔ. Powell kɛ shwamɔ kɛɛ akɛ: “Amɛyɛ ŋmɔŋ fioo lolo.”
Powell nikeenii lɛ yɛ yiŋtoi babaoo ahe. Ekɛ dumɔwui miijara, ni ehiɛ ka nɔ akɛ ekɛ Patterson nitsumɔhe lɛ baatsu nii ni ekɛdu chestnuts yɛ hei heei, he ni amɛbaanyɛ amɛná pollen ni atsake amɛmli lɛ yɛ afii fioo komɛi amli. Ekɛ ehe wo chestnut maŋkwramɔŋ saji ahe nitsumɔ mli hu.
Beni ESF lɛ ŋɔ Patterson nitsumɔ yɛ afi 2014 lɛ, enu akɛ Powell miika tsei ni akɛ amɛhe nibii ni haa mɔ he waa lɛ fee lɛ ekwɛ, ni ekɛ Onondaga Nation Resident Territory lɛ teŋ jɛkɛmɔ ji kilomitai fioo ko pɛ. Nɔ ni ji enyɔ nɔ lɛ yɛ koo lɛ mli ni kɛ Syracuse kooyigbɛ teŋ jɛkɛmɔ ji kilomitai fioo komɛi. Patterson yɔse akɛ kɛji nitsumɔ lɛ ye omanye lɛ, yɛ naagbee lɛ, helai ni nyɛɔ eshiɔ helai lɛ baabote shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ ni amɛkɛ chestnut tsei ni eshwɛ yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ baafo mli, ni no baaha koo ni he hiaa waa kɛha Onodaga he kadimɔ lɛ atsake. E nu haomɔi hu ni mii tsirɛ nitsulɔi, ni mɛi komɛi ni jɛ akutsoŋbii amli fata he lɛ, koni amɛ te shi amɛwo nibii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli ni atsake amɛhe yɛ hei krokomɛi lɛ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, yɛ afi 2015 lɛ, Yurok akutso lɛ gu GMO ni akɛtoɔ California Kooyigbɛ lɛ he yɛ haomɔ ni amɛyɔɔ yɛ bɔ ni amɛŋmɔshi nibii kɛ salmon ni amɛyeɔ lɛ baanyɛ afite lɛ hewɔ.
Patterson kɛɛ mi akɛ: “Miyɔse akɛ enɛ ba wɔ nɔ yɛ biɛ; kɛ hoo lɛ, esa akɛ wɔgba sane.” Yɛ afi 2015 Shihilɛ He Buumɔ Nitsumɔhe lɛ kpee ni ESF fee lɛ shishi lɛ, Powell ha wiemɔ ko ni akase jogbaŋŋ etsɔɔ New York maŋbii lɛ ateŋ mɛi. Benɛ a gbe munyu ɔ nya a, Patterson kai kaa hɛ mi nyɛɛli fuu de ke: “E sa nɛ waa du tsohi!” Miishɛɛ ni amɛjie lɛ kpo lɛ ha Patterson naa kpɛ ehe waa. Ewie akɛ: “Mikpaaa gbɛ.”
Shi kɛlɛ, sanegbaai ni tee nɔ yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ amɛteŋ mɛi fioo ko pɛ kaiɔ gbɛfaŋnɔ ni chestnut tso lɛ tsuɔ yɛ etsutsu kusum mli lɛ diɛŋtsɛ. Nibii amlitaomɔ ni Patterson fee yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ kɛɛ lɛ akɛ yɛ be mli ni shihilɛ mli basabasafeemɔ kɛ shihilɛ mli nibii ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ akpãtãmɔ yaa nɔ yɛ be kome mli lɛ, U.S. nɔyeli lɛ kɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni mli kwɔ ni akɛbaajie mɛi ni yɔɔ asraafoi adɛŋ kɛ mɛi ni kɛ amɛhe woɔ asraafoi anitsumɔ mli lɛ miitsu nii, ni hela ni gbɛɔ eshwaa mɛi lɛ eba. Taakɛ nibii krokomɛi babaoo ji lɛ, maŋ lɛ mli chestnut kusum ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ elaaje. Patterson hu na akɛ susumɔi ni mɛi hiɛ yɛ fɔmɔ nii ahe lɛ yɛ srɔtoi babaoo. Onoda lacrosse tsofeelɔ Alfie Jacques miisumɔ waa ni ekɛ chestnut tso afee tso ni efiɔ nitsumɔ lɛ sɛɛ. Mɛi krokomɛi susuɔ akɛ oshara ni yɔɔ mli lɛ fa tsɔ ni no hewɔ lɛ amɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ tsei.
Patterson nuɔ gbɛhei enyɔ nɛɛ ashishi. Etsɛko tsɔ ni ekɛɛ mi akɛ: “Etamɔ mobail foŋ kɛ mibi.” Etsɔɔ mli akɛ ebi lɛ miiku esɛɛ kɛmiijɛ skul kɛmiiba shia yɛ corona hela lɛ hewɔ. "Gbi ko lɛ, mitee nɔ mifee nɔ fɛɛ nɔ; koni mikɛ amɛ ahi shi, amɛmiikase nii. Enɔ jetsɛremɔ lɛ, tamɔ, nyɛhaa wɔjie nakai nibii lɛ kɛjɛ wɔhe." Shi afii babaoo ni ekɛ Powell gba sane lɛ ha eyiŋkɔshikɔshifeemɔ lɛ ba shi. Etsɛɛɛ tsɔ ni ekase akɛ, kɛ́ aja mli lɛ, Darling tsei 58 lɛ aseshibii lɛ bɛ tsɛŋemɔ helai ni akɛba lɛ, ni tsɔɔ akɛ shishijee koo mli tsei ni ji chestnut lɛ baaya nɔ akwɛ̃ yɛ koo lɛ mli. Patterson kɛɛ enɛ jie naagba wulu ko kɛtee.
Beni wɔtee jɛmɛ yɛ October mli lɛ, ekɛɛ mi akɛ nɔ hewɔ ni enyɛɛɛ eye ebua GM nitsumɔ lɛ kwraa lɛ ji akɛ, eleee kɛji Powell susuɔ gbɔmɛi ni kɛ tso lɛ loo tso lɛ yeɔ lɛ ahe. Patterson tswa etsitsi ni ekɛɛ akɛ: “Mileee nɔ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ kɛha lɛ.” Ekɛɛ akɛ kɛji akɛ abaanyɛ aku sɛɛ atsake wekukpaa ni kã gbɔmɔ kɛ ŋmei teŋ lɛ pɛ kɛkɛ ni ehe baahia ni aná tso nɛɛ ekoŋŋ.
Bɔni afee ni enyɛ etsu enɛ he nii lɛ, ekɛɛ eto gbɛjianɔ koni ekɛ ŋmeii ni Powell kɛha lɛ lɛ afee chestnut pudding kɛ fɔ. Ekɛ niyenii nɛɛ baaba Onondaga shikpɔŋkuku lɛ mli ni efɔ̃ mɛi nine koni amɛbakwɛ amɛ blema niyenii lɛ ekoŋŋ. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Mihiɛ kã nɔ, etamɔ nɔ ni okɛ onaanyo momo ko miiŋa bo.
Powell nine shɛ nikeenii ni ji dɔlai akpekpei 3.2 nɔ kɛjɛ Templeton World Charity Foundation lɛ dɛŋ yɛ January mli, ni baaha Powell aya hiɛ be mli ni etsɔɔ nitsumɔhei ni kudɔɔ nibii lɛ amli ni egbɛɔ enitaomɔ ni ekɛ ejwɛŋmɔ maa nɔ lɛ mli kɛjɛɔ fɔmɔ su mli kɛyaa shikpɔŋ muu lɛ fɛɛ saamɔ diɛŋtsɛ lɛ nɔ. Kɛ nɔyeli lɛ jɔɔ lɛ lɛ, Powell kɛ jeŋ nilelɔi ni jɛ Amerika Chestnut Foundation lɛ baaje shishi amɛŋmɛ gbɛ ni ekwɛ̃. Abaatswa pollen kɛ emli wala yibii krokomɛi lɛ loo abaatsɔ nɔ awo tsei krokomɛi ni miimɛ lɛ anɔ, ni nɔ ni baaba chestnuts ni atsake amɛ wala yibii lɛ anɔ lɛ baaje kpo yɛ shikpamɔ shihilɛ ni akudɔɔ lɛ he. Kɛji akɛ asusu akɛ abaanyɛ akwɛ tsɛŋemɔ hela lɛ nɔ yɛ ŋmɔ mli kɛ laboratori lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ, enɛ bɛ faŋŋ, ni ebaagbɛ eshwa koo lɛ mli-enɛ ji bɔɔ nii ni wala yɔɔ amɛmli lɛ ahe sane ko ni jeŋ nilelɔi sumɔɔ shi mɛi ni feɔ basabasa lɛ sheɔ gbeyei.
Beni chestnut tso ko ni ajie lɛ kpo lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, ani obaanyɛ ohe eko? Hɛɛ, Newhouse kɛɛ, nakai ji gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ. Abi niiamlitaolɔi daa otsi be ni tsei yɔɔ.
Yɛ je ni Powell, Newhouse kɛ enanemɛi nitsulɔi lɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ, ewaaa akɛ ooonu he akɛ maŋ muu lɛ fɛɛ miimɛ amɛtso lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, tsɔne ni akɛkudɔɔ gbɛ kuku kɛyaa kooyigbɛ kɛjɛɔ niiamlitaomɔ ŋmɔ lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ Syracuse maŋ lɛ teŋgbɛ lɛ kaiɔ bɔ ni tsakemɔi ni mli kwɔ eba shihilɛ mli kɛ gbɔmɛi ateŋ kɛjɛ be mli ni Amerika ŋmeii lɛ laaje lɛ. Chestnut Heights Drive lɛ yɛ maŋ bibioo ko ni yɔɔ Syracuse kooyigbɛ lɛ mli. Eji gbɛjegbɛ ko ni mɛi hiɔ nɔ folo ni gbɛjegbɛi ni mli kwɔ yɔɔ nɔ, jwɛi ni yɔɔ fɛo, kɛ bei komɛi lɛ tsei bibii ni akɛwulaa shi ni yɔɔ hiɛgbɛ lɛ nɔ. . Tso nitsumɔhe lɛ biɔ ni ajie chestnuts lɛ ekoŋŋ. Okwaayeli shika helɛtemɔ ni damɔ ŋmeii anɔ ni haa mɔ yeɔ ehe lɛ elaaje kwraa. Nɔ ni miihe ashɛ mɔ ko mɔ ko ejieee ŋmeii ni yɔɔ blɛoo ni ŋɔɔ kɛjɛɔ ŋmeii ni wa fe nine lɛ amli. Ekolɛ mɛi babaoo leee po akɛ nɔ ko bɛ ni elaaje yɛ koo lɛ mli.
Mikpa ni miye gbɛkɛ niyenii yɛ Onondaga Ŋshɔ lɛ naa yɛ ashwishwɛ tso agbo yɛŋ lɛ shishi. Tso lɛ mli eyi kɛ ŋmɔtɔ ni mli tse ni ji gray borers. Minyɛɔ minaa bu ni kooloi bibii lɛ efee yɛ tso lɛ yibii lɛ amli lɛ. Ebɔi baai lɛ shwiemɔ ni ebaanyɛ egbo ni egbee shi yɛ afii fioo komɛi asɛɛ. Bɔni afee ni majɛ mishia ni yɔɔ Maryland lɛ aba biɛ kɛkɛ lɛ, mikɛ tsɔne lɛ ho sũ tsei akpei abɔ ni egboi lɛ ahe, ni sũ niji ni bɛ nɔ ko nɔ ko miiho yɛ gbɛjegbɛ lɛ naa.
Yɛ Appalachia lɛ, nitsumɔhe lɛ efo tsei kɛjɛ Bitlahua kpokpaa ko ni da nɔ koni ená ŋtayaa ni yɔɔ shishigbɛ lɛ. Coal maŋ lɛ tsui kɛ tsutsu chestnut maŋ lɛ tsui kpãa gbee. American Chestnut Foundation lɛ kɛ gbɛjianɔtoi ni du tsei yɛ ŋtayaai ni ashi amɛ lɛ anɔ lɛ tsu nii, ni amrɔ nɛɛ chestnut tsei miida yɛ shikpɔŋ ni dalɛ ji acre akpei abɔ ni oshara lɛ efite lɛ nɔ. Nɛkɛ tsei nɛɛ ji tsei ni akɛfee tsei ni nyɛɔ amɛyeɔ helai ni gbeɔ mɔ lɛ anɔ lɛ fã ko kɛkɛ, shi amɛbaanyɛ amɛfee nɔ ni kɛ tsei heei ni gbi ko lɛ baanyɛ amɛkɛ blema koo mli tsei wuji lɛ abɔ he akaŋ lɛ yeɔ egbɔ.
Yɛ May ni eho lɛ mli lɛ, kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon dioxide lɛ falɛ ni yɔɔ kɔɔyɔɔ mli lɛ shɛ fãi 414.8 yɛ akpekpe kome mli klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa. Taakɛ tsei krokomɛi ji lɛ, Amerika ŋmeii ni jeee nu lɛ amli tsiimɔ ji aaafee carbon lɛ fã. Nibii fioo komɛi pɛ ni obaanyɛ okwɛ yɛ shikpɔŋ bibioo ko nɔ lɛ baanyɛ ajie kɔɔyɔɔ ni ji carbon lɛ oya fe chestnut tso ni miida lɛ. Beni enɛ yɔɔ jwɛŋmɔ mli lɛ, sane ko ni akala awo Wall Street Journal lɛ mli yɛ afi ni ho lɛ mli lɛ wo ŋaa akɛ, “Nyɛhaa wɔnáa chestnut ŋmɔ kroko.”